Korean J Orthod.  2020 May;50(3):197-205. 10.4041/kjod.2020.50.3.197.

Estimation of the prevalence of malocclusion on the basis of nationwide oral health examinations of pre-adolescent and adolescent students during 2012–2017

• Hong M
• Kyung HM
• Park HS
• Yu WJ
• Baek SH

• KMID: 2502629
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2020.50.3.197

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the prevalence of malocclusion with respect to grade, sex, and year among Korean pre-adolescent and adolescent students during 2012–2017.
Methods
A total of 165,996 students (first grade [E1, 6–7 years of age], fourth grade [E4, 9–10 years], seventh grade [M1, 12–13 years], and tenth grade [H1, 15–16 years]) were selected by stratified sampling method and underwent the nationwide oral health examination performed by the Ministry of Education, Republic of Korea. The malocclusion assessments based on dentists’ judgments were “no malocclusion,” “needs orthodontic treatment (N-OTx),” and “under orthodontic treatment (U-OTx).” The sum of N-OTx and U-OTx cases was determined as the number of students with malocclusion. After analyzing the prevalence of malocclusion according to grade, sex, and year-by-year differences, Pearson correlation analyses and two-way analyses of variance were performed.
Results
The prevalence of malocclusion was 18.7%, which increased with the grades (E1 [8.3%] < E4 [15.8%] < M1 [22.9%] < H1 [25.3%], p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of malocclusion in each grade group for the period (p > 0.05) without significant correlation (E1, ρ = 0.129; E4, ρ = –0.495; M1, ρ = 0.406; H1, ρ = –0.383; all p > 0.05). The prevalence of malocclusion within each grade group over the six-year period was more prominent in the female (p < 0.0001).
Conclusions
Further studies are necessary to modify the malocclusion assessment method to account for specific types of malocclusion in pre-adolescent and adolescent students.

Keyword

Prevalence of malocclusion; Nationwide oral health examination; Malocclusion assessment; Preadolescent and adolescent students

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Oral health examination form for pre-adolescent and adolescent students provided by the Ministry of Education, Korea.

• 

  Figure 2 Trend of changes in the estimated prevalence of major oral diseases across nationwide oral health examinations during 2012–2017. The stratified and extracted samples consisted of students in the first grade (elementary school), fourth grade (elementary school), seventh grade (middle school), and tenth grade (high school). Source of origin: annual reports of national students health examination results from 2012 to 2017.20

Reference

1. National Assembly Budget Office. 2017. Jan. Major results and implications on economic policy based on population projection in Korea (2015-2065) [Internet]. National Assembly Budget Office;Seoul: Available from: https://www.nabo.go.kr/Sub/01Report/09_Board.jsp?.func=view&funcSUB=&currentPageSUB=0&pageSizeSUB=10&key_typeSUB=&keySUB=&search_start_dateSUB=&search_end_dateSUB=&arg_id=0&bid=63&rbid=0&ridx=0&bidSUB=0&cid1=0&cid2=0&cid3=0&cid4=0&cid5=0&cid6=0&cid7=0&arg_cid1=0&arg_cid2=0&arg_class_id=0&currentPage=3&pageSize=10&pagePerBlock=0&nowBlock=3&key_type=&key=&search_start_date=&search_end_date=&class_id=0&sortBy=&ascOrDesc=&bidx=6188&idx=6188&reg_name=%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D%EA%B3%BC. cited 2018 Nov 20.

2. Chun SH. 2019. Jul. 5. The advent of age of 10,000 dental specialists in coming year [Internet]. Daily Dental Press of Korean Dental Association;Seoul: Available from: http://www.dailydental.co.kr/news/article.html?.no=106811. cited 2019 Aug 5.

3. Brook PH, Shaw WC. 1989; The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority. Eur J Orthod. 11:309–20. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejo.a035999. PMID: 2792220.

4. Shaw WC, Richmond S, O'Brien KD. 1995; The use of occlusal indices: a European perspective. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 107:1–10. DOI: 10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70151-6. PMID: 7817954.

5. Burden DJ, Pine CM, Burnside G. 2001; Modified IOTN: an orthodontic treatment need index for use in oral health surveys. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 29:220–5. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0528.2001.290308.x. PMID: 11409681.

6. Grippaudo C, Paolantonio EG, Deli R, La Torre G. 2007; Validation of the Risk of Malocclusion Assessment (ROMA) index. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 8:136–42. PMID: 17919062.

7. Suhr CH, Nahm DS, Chang YI. 1984; Epidemiologic study of the prevalence of malocclusion in Korean. Korean J Orthod. 14:33–7.

8. Sohn BW, Hwang CJ, Hwang HS. 1993; Modality of malocclusion according to regional difference using HLD (handicapping Labiolingual deviation), TPI (Treatment priority index) and HMAR (handicapped malocclusion assessing record). Korean J Orthod. 23:17–35.

9. Kwon OW, Kyung HM, Gok DB, Sun JH, Park DW. 1989; The distribution and trend of malocclusion patients visited at department of orthodontics. Korean J Orthod. 19:35–48.

10. Yang WS. 1995; The study on the orthodontic patients who visited department of orthodontics, Seoul National University Hospital during last 10 years (1985-1994). Korean J Orthod. 25:497–509.

11. Baik HS, Kim KH, Park Y. 1995; The distributions and trends in malocclusion patients- a 10 year study of 2155 patients from YDSH. Korean J Orthod. 25:87–100.

12. Yu HS, Ryu YK, Lee JY. 1999; A study on the distributions and trends in malocclusion patients from department of orthodontics, college of dentistry, Yonsei university. Korean J Orthod. 29:267–76.

13. Hwang MS, Yoon YJ, Kim KW. 2001; An epidemiologic study on the orthodontic patients who visited department of orthodontics, Chosun University Dental Hospital last 10 years (1990~1999). Korean J Orthod. 31:283–300.

14. Im DH, Kim TW, Nahm DS, Jang YI. 2003; Current trends in orthodontic patients in Seoul National University Dental Hospital. Korean J Orthod. 33:63–72.

15. Chung SH, Lee HK. 2006; Trends in malocclusion patients of Yeungnam University Hospital. Yeungnam Univ J Med. 23:71–81. DOI: 10.12701/yujm.2006.23.1.71.

16. Yoon HJ. 2008. (A) study on the distributions and trends in malocclusion patient who were treated in department of orthodontics, Dankook University Dental Hospital during the last 20 years [MS thesis]. Dankook University;Cheonan:

17. Piao Y, Kim SJ, Yu HS, Cha JY, Baik HS. 2016; Five-year investigation of a large orthodontic patient population at a dental hospital in South Korea. Korean J Orthod. 46:137–45. DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2016.46.3.137. PMID: 27226959. PMCID: PMC4879316.

18. Jung MH. 2009; Current trends in orthodontic patients in private orthodontic clinics. Korean J Orthod. 39:36–42. DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2009.39.1.36.

19. Choi YH. 2017. Current trends in of orthodontic patients in private orthodontic clinic in Daegu [MS thesis]. Kyungpook National University;Daegu:

20. Students' Health Information Center. 2009. May. Online archive of annual reports on health examination of national student sample [Internet]. Ministry of Education;Seoul: Available from: http://www.schoolhealth.kr/web/srs/selectPublicDataList.do?.sMenuId=0100008900. updated 2019 Nov 13; cited 2018 Jul 20.

21. Arora G, Bhateja S. 2015; Prevalence of dental caries, periodontitis, and oral hygiene status among 12-year-old schoolchildren having normal occlusion and malocclusion in Mathura city: a comparative epidemiological study. Indian J Dent Res. 26:48–52. DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.156801. PMID: 25961615.

22. Disha P, Poornima P, Pai SM, Nagaveni NB, Roshan NM, Manoharan M. 2017; Malocclusion and dental caries experience among 8-9-year-old children in a city of South Indian region: a cross-sectional survey. J Educ Health Promot. 6:98. DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_24_17. PMID: 29296599. PMCID: PMC5747238.

23. Baskaradoss JK, Geevarghese A, Roger C, Thaliath A. 2013; Prevalence of malocclusion and its relationship with caries among school children aged 11-15 years in southern India. Korean J Orthod. 43:35–41. DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2013.43.1.35. PMID: 23503064. PMCID: PMC3594879.

24. Thilander B, Pena L, Infante C, Parada SS, de Mayorga C. 2001; Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Colombia. An epidemiological study related to different stages of dental development. Eur J Orthod. 23:153–67. DOI: 10.1093/ejo/23.2.153. PMID: 11398553.

25. Dimberg L, Lennartsson B, Arnrup K, Bondemark L. 2015; Prevalence and change of malocclusions from primary to early permanent dentition: a longitudinal study. Angle Orthod. 85:728–34. DOI: 10.2319/080414-542.1. PMID: 25867255.

26. Alajlan SS, Alsaleh MK, Alshammari AF, Alharbi SM, Alshammari AK, Alshammari RR. 2019; The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need of school children in Northern Saudi Arabia. J Orthod Sci. 8:10. DOI: 10.4103/jos.JOS_104_18. PMID: 31161133. PMCID: PMC6540778.

27. Agarwal A, Mathur R. 2012; An overview of orthodontic indices. World J Dent. 3:77–86. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1132.