Korean J Sports Med.  2019 Mar;37(1):1-10. 10.5763/kjsm.2019.37.1.1.

Vaccination for Athletes: Evidence and Recommendations

• Oh B
• Lee YK
• Cheung B
• Lee KT
• Ha CW

• KMID: 2440631
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2019.37.1.1

Abstract

As interest in sports rapidly grows in Korea, fostering of elite athletes and preservation of the athletic ability no longer became the task of advanced countries only. In that aspect, health of athletes and their associated coaches, athlete trainers, team members such as team doctors, and even their families is certainly a matter of concern. Especially when it comes to the inoculation of infectious disease prevention, it needs to be considered as one of the most economical and effective ways to promote health in sports people as well as elite athletes. The purpose of this article is to go over the specific circumstances of the athletes and related literatures on vaccination. In addition, we provide recommendations on the vaccination of athletes regarding the actual situation of sports in Korea.

Keyword

Athletes; Sports; Vaccination

MeSH Terms

Athletes*
Communicable Diseases
Foster Home Care
Humans
Korea
Sports
Vaccination*

Reference

1. Cheong HJ. Vaccination necessary for Korean adults. J Korean Med Assoc. 2011; 54:1289–1296.

2. World Health Organization. Brazil: health advice for travellers to the 2016 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization;2016. cited 2019 Feb 25. Available from: https://www.who.int/ith/updates/20160621/en/.

3. McIntyre L. Influenza vaccination for athletes? CMAJ. 1988; 138:788–791.

4. Brito J. Vaccination in elite athletes: a call to action to develop guidelines for all infectious diseases. Sports Med. 2015; 45:447–448.

5. Trabacchi V, Odone A, Lillo L, Pasquarella C, Signorelli C. Immunization practices in athletes. Acta Biomed. 2015; 86:181–188.

6. Recommended immunization schedule for adults in Korea, by the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases, 2012. Clin Exp Vaccine Res. 2014; 3:110–112.

7. Daly P, Gustafson R. Public health recommendations for athletes attending sporting events. Clin J Sport Med. 2011; 21:67–70.

8. Gartner BC, Meyer T. Vaccination in elite athletes. Sports Med. 2014; 44:1361–1376.

9. Choi WS, Choi JH, Kwon KT, et al. Revised adult immunization guideline recommended by the Korean society of infectious diseases, 2014. Infect Chemother. 2015; 47:68–79.

10. Kordi R, Wallace WA. Blood borne infections in sport: risks of transmission, methods of prevention, and recommendations for hepatitis B vaccination. Br J Sports Med. 2004; 38:678–684.

11. Pirozzolo JJ, LeMay DC. Blood-borne infections. Clin Sports Med. 2007; 26:425–431.

12. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology and management of infectious diseases to be vaccinated. Cheongju: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2017.

13. Beran J, Peeters M, Dewe W, Raupachova J, Hobzova L, Devaster JM. Immunogenicity and safety of quadrivalent versus trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine: a randomized, controlled trial in adults. BMC Infect Dis. 2013; 13:224.

14. Block SL, Yi T, Sheldon E, Dubovsky F, Falloon J. A randomized, double-blind noninferiority study of quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine in adults. Vaccine. 2011; 29:9391–9397.

15. Greenberg DP, Robertson CA, Noss MJ, Blatter MM, Biedenbender R, Decker MD. Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine compared to licensed trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults. Vaccine. 2013; 31:770–776.

16. Toback SL, Levin MJ, Block SL, Belshe RB, Ambrose CS, Falloon J. Quadrivalent Ann Arbor strain live-attenuated influenza vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012; 11:1293–1303.

17. Sohn YM. Japanese encephalitis immunization in South Korea: past, present, and future. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000; 6:17–24.

18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). FDA licensure of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV4, Gardasil) for use in males and guidance from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010; 59:630–632.

19. Goldstone SE, Jessen H, Palefsky JM, et al. Quadrivalent HPV vaccine efficacy against disease related to vaccine and non-vaccine HPV types in males. Vaccine. 2013; 31:3849–3855.

20. Savoy M. ACIP releases 2018 adult immunization recommendations. Am Fam Physician. 2018; 97:279–280.

21. Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, Hunter P, Bridges CB. Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older: United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017; 66:136–138.

22. Rennels MB. Extensive swelling reactions occurring after booster doses of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccines. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2003; 14:196–198.

23. Kohl KS, Marcy SM, Blum M, et al. Fever after immunization: current concepts and improved future scientific understanding. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 39:389–394.

24. Petousis-Harris H. Vaccine injection technique and reactogenicity: evidence for practice. Vaccine. 2008; 26:6299–6304.

25. Halsey NA, Griffioen M, Dreskin SC, et al. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions following monovalent 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccines: reports to VAERS. Vaccine. 2013; 31:6107–6112.

26. Gabriel H, Schwarz L, Steffens G, Kindermann W. Immunoregulatory hormones, circulating leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations before and after endurance exercise of different intensities. Int J Sports Med. 1992; 13:359–366.

27. Pedersen BK, Toft AD. Effects of exercise on lymphocytes and cytokines. Br J Sports Med. 2000; 34:246–251.

28. Edwards KM, Pung MA, Tomfohr LM, et al. Acute exercise enhancement of pneumococcal vaccination response: a randomized controlled trial of weaker and stronger immune response. Vaccine. 2012; 30:6389–6395.

29. Edwards KM, Campbell JP, Ring C, et al. Exercise intensity does not influence the efficacy of eccentric exercise as a behavioural adjuvant to vaccination. Brain Behav Immun. 2010; 24:623–630.

30. Long JE, Ring C, Drayson M, et al. Vaccination response following aerobic exercise: can a brisk walk enhance antibody response to pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations? Brain Behav Immun. 2012; 26:680–687.

31. Ranadive SM, Cook M, Kappus RM, et al. Effect of acute aerobic exercise on vaccine efficacy in older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014; 46:455–461.

32. McMahon AW, Iskander J, Haber P, et al. Adverse events after inactivated influenza vaccination among children less than 2 years of age: analysis of reports from the vaccine adverse event reporting system, 1990-2003. Pediatrics. 2005; 115:453–460.