Fig. 1. The “bilio-papillary Z-line” during freehand-intubated direct cholangioscopy (DC) using an ultra-slim upper endoscope (Fujinon EG-530NW; Fujifilm, Düsseldorf, Germany) (A, B) or standard-size endoscope (Fujinon EG590WR; Fujifilm) (C). Apart from adequate scope stabilization in the acute angulation of the duodenum-bile duct axis, comprehensive endoscopic visualization of the bilio-papillary transitional zone may be impeded by prolapsing papillary mucosa (C). Based on the current conceptual framework, technical refinements, such as dedicated cap-assisted DC may become instrumental in the future to flatten abundant papillary mucosa, comparable to, though less aggressive than, endoscopic large balloon dilation (CRE™ Balloon Dilatation Catheter; Boston Scientific, Ratingen, Germany), which is illustrated here in dilation-assisted freehand DC (D).