Endocrinol Metab.  2015 Sep;30(3):371-380. 10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.371.

Physiological Parameters in the Blood of a Murine Stress-Induced Depression Model before and after Repeated Passive Exercise

• Kim TK
• Park JY
• Han PL

• KMID: 2407089
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.371

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Animal models are necessary to study the mechanism underlying the effects of exercise on depression but an effective procedure for exercise treatment and exercise effects on physiological parameters in a specific depression model need to be characterized.
METHODS
Physiological parameters including lactate, partial pressue of O2 (pO2) and CO2 (pCO2) saturated O2 (sO2), pH, HCO3, total CO2 (TCO2), and base excess extracellular fluid (BEecf) levels in the blood were measured after treatment with passive exercise in normal mice and a stress-induced depression model.
RESULTS
Normal mice or mice that were subjected to daily 2-hour restraint for 14 days (2 hoursx14 days of restraint) were placed on a running wheel that was rotating at a speed of 9 m/min for 1 hour per day for 1 to 21 days. After repeated exercise in mice that were previously subjected to 2 hoursx14 days restraint, plasma lactate levels decreased, the levels of pO2, sO2, and pH tended to increase, and the levels of pCO2 decreased in the absence of significant changes in HCO3, TCO2, and BEecf. However, none of these changes were additive to the stress effects or were much more severe than those induced after repeated passive exercise in normal mice.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that passive exercise for 1 hour daily for 14 to 21 consecutive days on a running wheel rotating at a speed of 9 m/min may be used as an exercise protocol without inducing severe additive effects on physiological burdens.

Keyword

Exercise; Physiological parameters; Blood pH; Lactate; Exercise animal model

MeSH Terms

Animals
Depression*
Extracellular Fluid
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Lactic Acid
Mice
Models, Animal
Plasma
Running
Lactic Acid

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Wheel-running exercise induced speed-dependent changes in physiological parameters in the blood. (A) Experimental design for treatment with passive exercise by placing mice on a running wheel rotating at 6, 9, or 12 m/min for 1 hour per day for 3 days. Physiological parameters in the blood were analyzed with the i-STAT CG4+ cartridge and the i-STAT 1 clinical portable analyzer from Abbott. (B) Lactate levels in the blood of untreated control (CON), and mice with exercise at the speed of 6 m/min (EXE-6), 9 m/min (EXE-9), and 12 m/min (EXE-12). (C) Blood pH levels of untreated CON, and mice with exercise at the speed of EXE-6, EXE-9, and EXE-12. (D, E) Partial pressures of O2 (pO2, D) and saturated O2 (sO2, E) levels in the blood of untreated CON, and mice with exercise at the speed of EXE-6, EXE-9, and EXE-12. (F-I) Partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2, F), total CO2 (TCO2, G), HCO3 (H), and base excess extracellular fluid (BEecf, I) levels in the blood of untreated CON, and mice with exercise at the speed of EXE-6, EXE-9, and EXE-12. Values are expressed as mean±SEM (n=6 to 15). Difference between the indicated groups at aP<0.05; bP<0.01, respectively (one-way analysis of variance followed by the Newman-Keuls test).

• 

  Fig. 2 Passive exercise for 7 days increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. (A) Experimental design for treatment with passive exercise for 1 hour per day for 7 days, and the time point of tissue preparation. (B, C) Representative photomicrographs showing the expression of Ki67 (a marker for progenitor cells, B) and doublecortin (DCX, a marker for differentiating neurons, C) in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus of control (CON) mice and mice treated with 7 days of exercise at the speed of 9 m/min (7d EXE). The right box shows high magnification of the area marked in the DG (n=6). Scale bars, 50 µm in B and C.

• 

  Fig. 3 Repeated passive exercise produced changes in physiological parameters in the blood for normal mice. (A) Experimental design for treatment with passive exercise at the speed of 9 m/min for 1 hour per day for 1, 7, 14, and 21 days. Physiological parameters in the blood were analyzed with i-STAT CG4+ cartridge and the i-STAT 1 analyzer from Abbott. (B) Lactate levels measured using i-STAT CG4+ in the blood of untreated control (CON), and mice with daily 1-hour exercise for 1 day (EXE 1d), 7 days (EXE 7d), 14 days (EXE 14d), and 21 days (EXE 21d). (C) Blood pH levels of untreated CON, and mice with 1 hour exercise for 1 day (EXE 1d), 7 days (EXE 7d), 14 days (EXE 14d) and 21 days (EXE 21d). (D, E) Partial pressures of O2 (pO2, D) and saturated O2 (sO2, E) levels in the blood of untreated CON, and mice with daily 1-hour EXE 1d, EXE 7d, EXE 14d, and EXE 21d. (F-I) Partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2, F), total CO2 (TCO2, G), HCO3 (H) and base excess extra cellular fluid (BEecf, I) levels in the blood of untreated CON, and mice with daily 1-hour EXE 1d, EXE 7d, EXE 14d, and EXE 21d. Values are expressed as mean±SEM (n=6 to 15). Difference between the indicated groups at aP<0.05; bP<0.01, respectively (one-way analysis of variance followed by the Newman-Keuls test).

• 

  Fig. 4 Repeated passive exercise in mice that had been subjected to chronic repeated stress produced changes in physiological parameters in the blood. (A) Experimental design for treatment with 2 hours×14 days of restraint (RST), and post-stress treatment with exercise (EXE). Mice were treated with 2 hours×14 days RST only, and with 2 hours×14 days RST followed by post-stress treatment with 1 hour of exercise for 14 days (RST+EXE 14d), and 21 days (RST+EXE 21d). Physiological blood parameters were analyzed with i-STAT CG4+ cartridge and the i-STAT 1 analyzer from Abbott. (B) Lactate levels in the blood of control (CON) mice, mice treated with 2 hours×14 days RST only, 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 14d, and 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 21d. (C) Blood pH of CON mice, mice treated with 2 hours×14 days RST only, 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 14d, and 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 21d. (D, E) Partial pressures of O2 (pO2, D) and saturated O2 (sO2, E) levels in the blood of CON mice, mice treated with 2 hours×14 days RST only, 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 14d, and 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 21d. (F-I) Partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2, F), total CO2 (TCO2, G), HCO3 (H), and base excess extra cellular fluid (BEecf, I) levels in the blood of CON mice, mice treated with 2 hours×14 days RST only, 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 14d, and 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 21d. Values are expressed as mean±SEM (n=5 to 15). Difference between the indicated group at aP<0.05; bP<0.01, respectively (one-way analysis of variance followed by the Newman-Keuls test).

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