Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg.  2017 Aug;21(3):122-130. 10.14701/ahbps.2017.21.3.122.

Mirizzi syndrome: necessity for safe approach in dealing with diagnostic and treatment challenges

Affiliations
  • 1King Abdullah International Medical Research Center / King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. shirah007@ksau-hs.edu.sa
  • 2Department of General Surgery, Al Ansar General Hospital, Medina, Saudi Arabia.
  • 3King Abdulaziz Medical City/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS
The challenging dilemma of Mirizzi syndrome for operating surgeons arises from the difficulty to diagnose it preoperatively, and approximately 50% of cases are diagnosed intraoperatively. In this study, we analysed the effectiveness of diagnostic modalities and treatment options in our series of Mirizzi syndrome.
METHODS
Patients had a preoperative or intraoperative diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome, and were classified into three groups: Group 1: Incidental finding of Mirizzi syndrome intraoperatively (n=34). Group 2: Patients presented with jaundice, diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (n=17). Group 3: Patients diagnosed initially by ultrasound (n=13). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was conducted in all 49 patients with Cendes type I disease. Partial cholecystectomy, common bile duct exploration, repair of fistula and t-tube placement was conducted on eight patients with Cendes type II and five patients with Cendes type III. Partial cholecystectomy with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was conducted in two patients with Cendes type IV disease.
RESULTS
Sixty-four patients were diagnosed with Mirizzi syndrome. Morbidity rate was 3.1%. Mortality rate was 0%. Group 3 (patients diagnosed initially by ultrasound) had the best treatment outcome, the least morbidity, and the shortest hospital stay.
CONCLUSIONS
Suspected cases of Mirizzi syndrome should not be underestimated. Difficulty in establishing preoperative diagnosis is the major dilemma. As it is mostly encountered intraoperatively, the approach should be careful and logical to identify the correct type of Mirizzi by a thorough diagnostic laparoscopy and thus, provide optimum treatment for the subtype to achieve the best outcome.

Keyword

Mirizzi syndrome; Gallbladder stone; Impacted gallstone; Cholecystocholedochal fistula; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Open cholecystectomy

MeSH Terms

Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde
Cholecystectomy
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic
Common Bile Duct
Diagnosis
Fistula
Humans
Incidental Findings
Jaundice
Laparoscopy
Length of Stay
Logic
Mirizzi Syndrome*
Mortality
Surgeons
Treatment Outcome
Ultrasonography

Figure

  • Fig. 1 Ultrasound showing features of Mirizzi syndrome, a thick wall gallbladder with a large gallstone impacted in the Hartmann's pouch.

  • Fig. 2 Computed tomography showing features of Mirizzi syndrome, moderate to significant dilatation of intrahepatic biliary ducts and both common hepatic duct and the upper end of the common bile duct (CBD). There is a rounded lobulated area of hypodensity observed near the hepatic hilum 2.9 cm×2.7 cm in size likely a tortuous dilated hepatic duct. Distended gallbladder (around 12 cm) and showing a low density 2 cm size stone at the gallbladder neck likely causing pressure effects on the upper CBD and hepatic ducts and counting in the intrahepatic biliary dilatation. There are some faint hyperdensities observed at the distal CBD could be tiny stones or sludge.

  • Fig. 3 Postoperative complications of patients diagnosed with Mirizzi syndrome.

  • Fig. 4 Clinical algorithm for management of Mirizzi syndrome.


Reference

1. Elhanafy E, Atef E, El Nakeeb A, Hamdy E, Elhemaly M, Sultan AM. Mirizzi syndrome: How it could be a challenge. Hepatogastroenterology. 2014; 61:1182–1186.
2. Johnson LW, Sehon JK, Lee WC, Zibari GB, McDonald JC. Mirizzi's syndrome: experience from a multi-institutional review. Am Surg. 2001; 67:11–14.
3. Chan CY, Liau KH, Ho CK, Chew SP. Mirizzi syndrome: a diagnostic and operative challenge. Surgeon. 2003; 1:273–278.
4. Abou-Saif A, Al-Kawas FH. Complications of gallstone disease: Mirizzi syndrome, cholecystocholedochal fistula, and gallstone ileus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002; 97:249–254.
5. Bedirli A, Kerem M, Bostanci H, Karakan T, Sahin TT, Akyurek N. Coexistence of Mirizzi syndrome with adenomyomatosis in the gallbladder: report of a case. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2007; 6:438–441.
6. Beltran MA, Csendes A. Mirizzi syndrome and gallstone ileus: an unusual presentation of gallstone disease. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005; 9:686–689.
7. Al-Akeely MH, Alam MK, Bismar HA, Khalid K, Al-Teimi I, Al-Dossary NF. Mirizzi syndrome: ten years experience from a teaching hospital in Riyadh. World J Surg. 2005; 29:1687–1692.
8. Karakoyunlar O, Sivrel E, Koc O, Denecli AG. Mirizzi's syndrome must be ruled out in the differential diagnosis of any patients with obstructive jaundice. Hepatogastroenterology. 1999; 46:2178–2182.
9. Yonetci N, Kutluana U, Yilmaz M, Sungurtekin U, Tekin K. The incidence of Mirizzi syndrome in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2008; 7:520–524.
10. Zhong H, Gong JP. Mirizzi syndrome: experience in diagnosis and treatment of 25 cases. Am Surg. 2012; 78:61–65.
11. Csendes A, Díaz JC, Burdiles P, Maluenda F, Nava O. Mirizzi syndrome and cholecystobiliary fistula: a unifying classification. Br J Surg. 1989; 76:1139–1143.
12. Beltrán MA. Mirizzi syndrome: history, current knowledge and proposal of a simplified classification. World J Gastroenterol. 2012; 18:4639–4650.
13. Waisberg J, Corona A, de Abreu IW, Farah JF, Lupinacci RA, Goffi FS. Benign obstruction of the common hepatic duct (Mirizzi syndrome): diagnosis and operative management. Arq Gastroenterol. 2005; 42:13–18.
14. Lai EC, Lau WY. Mirizzi syndrome: history, present and future development. ANZ J Surg. 2006; 76:251–257.
15. Kamalesh NP, Prakash K, Pramil K, George TD, Sylesh A, Shaji P. Laparoscopic approach is safe and effective in the management of Mirizzi syndrome. J Minim Access Surg. 2015; 11:246–250.
16. Hubert C, Annet L, van Beers BE, Gigot JF. The "inside approach of the gallbladder" is an alternative to the classic Calot's triangle dissection for a safe operation in severe cholecystitis. Surg Endosc. 2010; 24:2626–2632.
17. Kwon AH, Inui H. Preoperative diagnosis and efficacy of laparoscopic procedures in the treatment of Mirizzi syndrome. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 204:409–415.
18. Beltran MA, Csendes A, Cruces KS. The relationship of Mirizzi syndrome and cholecystoenteric fistula: validation of a modified classification. World J Surg. 2008; 32:2237–2243.
19. Safioleas M, Stamatakos M, Safioleas P, Smyrnis A, Revenas C, Safioleas C. Mirizzi syndrome: an unexpected problem of cholelithiasis. Our experience with 27 cases. Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2008; 5:12.
20. Gomez D, Rahman SH, Toogood GJ, Prasad KR, Lodge JP, Guillou PJ, et al. Mirizzi's syndrome--results from a large western experience. HPB (Oxford). 2006; 8:474–479.
21. Karademir S, Astarcioğlu H, Sökmen S, Atila K, Tankurt E, Akpinar H, et al. Mirizzi's syndrome: diagnostic and surgical considerations in 25 patients. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2000; 7:72–77.
22. Tan KY, Chng HC, Chen CY, Tan SM, Poh BK, Hoe MN. Mirizzi syndrome: noteworthy aspects of a retrospective study in one centre. ANZ J Surg. 2004; 74:833–837.
23. Schäfer M, Schneiter R, Krähenbühl L. Incidence and management of Mirizzi syndrome during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2003; 17:1186–1190.
24. Lledó JB, Barber SM, Ibañez JC, Torregrosa AG, Lopez-Andujar R. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of mirizzi syndrome in laparoscopic era: our experience in 7 years. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2014; 24:495–501.
25. Prasad TL, Kumar A, Sikora SS, Saxena R, Kapoor VK. Mirizzi syndrome and gallbladder cancer. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2006; 13:323–326.
Full Text Links
  • AHBPS
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr