Tuberc Respir Dis.  2008 Oct;65(4):261-268.

Association of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Asthma Pathogenesis

Affiliations
  • 1Clinical Laboratory Department, Riyadh College of Health Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. dr_mmarie2000@yahoo.com

Abstract

The role of atypical bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of asthma is a subject of continuing debate. There is an increasing body of literature concerning the association between the atypical bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) and asthma pathogenesis. Moreover, many studies investigating such a link have been uncontrolled and have provided conflicting evidence, in part due to the difficulty in accurately diagnosing infection with these atypical pathogens. This manuscript will review the relationship between M. pneumoniae infection and asthma pathogenesis.

Keyword

Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Asthma; Pathogenesis; Antimicrobial; Diagnosis

MeSH Terms

Aluminum Hydroxide
Asthma
Bacteria
Bacterial Infections
Carbonates
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Pneumonia
Pneumonia, Mycoplasma
Aluminum Hydroxide
Carbonates

Reference

1. Johnston SL, Pattemore PK, Sanderson G, Smith S, Campbell MJ, Josephs LK, et al. The relationship between upper respiratory infections and hospital admissions for asthma: a time-trend analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996. 154:654–660.
2. Lemanske RF Jr. Is asthma an infectious disease? Chest. 2003. 123:385S–390S.
3. Fireman P. Understanding asthma pathophysiology. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2003. 24:79–83.
4. Bleecker ER, Postma DS, Meyers DA. Evidence for multiple genetic susceptibility loci for asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997. 156:S113–S116.
5. Kroegel C, Jager L, Walker C. Is there a place for intrinsic asthma as a distinct immunopathological entity? Eur Respir J. 1997. 10:513–515.
6. von HL. Role of persistent infection in the control and severity of asthma: focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae. Eur Respir J. 2002. 19:546–556.
7. Holgate ST, Lackie PM, Davies DE, Roche WR, Walls AF. The bronchial epithelium as a key regulator of airway inflammation and remodelling in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999. 29:90–95.
8. Barnes PJ. Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, editors. Chapter 248. Asthma. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 2008. 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Co, Inc;1596–1607.
9. Vervloet LA, Marguet C, Camargos PA. Infection by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its importance as an etiological agent in childhood community-acquired pneumonias. Braz J Infect Dis. 2007. 11:507–514.
10. Lieberman D, Schlaeffer F, Lieberman D, Horowitz S, Horovitz O, Porath A. Mycoplasma pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia: a review of 101 hospitalized adult patients. Respiration. 1996. 63:261–266.
11. Daxboeck F, Krause R, Wenisch C. Laboratory diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003. 9:263–273.
12. van Kuppeveld FJ, van der Logt JT, Angulo AF, van Zoest MJ, Quint WG, Niesters HG, et al. Genus- and species-specific identification of mycoplasmas by 16S rRNA amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992. 58:2606–2615.
13. Kleemola SR, Karjalainen JE, Räty RK. Rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: clinical evaluation of a commercial probe test. J Infect Dis. 1990. 162:70–75.
14. Uldum SA, Jensen JS, Søndergård-Andersen J, Lind K. Enzyme immunoassay for detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol. 1992. 30:1198–1204.
15. Sillis M. Modern methods for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Rev Med Microbiol. 1993. 4:24–31.
16. Luneberg E, Jensen JS, Frosch M. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive hybridization in microtiter plates. J Clin Microbiol. 1993. 31:1088–1094.
17. Guleria R, Nisar N, Chawla TC, Biswas NR. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and central nervous system complications: a review. J Lab Clin Med. 2005. 146:55–63.
18. Waites KB, Talkington DF. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its role as a human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004. 17:697–728.
19. Freymuth F, Vabret A, Brouard J, Toutain F, Verdon R, Petitjean J, et al. Detection of viral, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of asthma in children. J Clin Virol. 1999. 13:131–139.
20. Biscardi S, Lorrot M, Marc E, Moulin F, Boutonnat-Faucher B, Heilbronner C, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and asthma in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2004. 38:1341–1346.
21. Esposito S, Droghetti R, Bosis S, Claut L, Marchisio P, Principi N. Cytokine secretion in children with acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and wheeze. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002. 34:122–127.
22. Schwarze J, Cieslewicz G, Joetham A, Ikemura T, Makela MJ, Dakhama A, et al. Critical roles for interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 during respiratory syncytial virus infection in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness after airway sensitization. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000. 162:380–386.
23. Martin RJ, Kraft M, Chu HW, Berns EA, Cassell GH. A link between chronic asthma and chronic infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001. 107:595–601.
24. Gil JC, Cedillo RL, Mayagoitia BG, Paz MD. Isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from asthmatic patients. Ann Allergy. 1993. 70:23–25.
25. Thumerelle C, Deschildre A, Bouquillon C, Santos C, Sardet A, Scalbert M, et al. Role of viruses and atypical bacteria in exacerbations of asthma in hospitalized children: a prospective study in the Nord-Pas de Calais region (France). Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003. 35:75–82.
26. Seggev JS, Lis I, Siman-Tov , Gutman R, Abu-Samara H, Schey G, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a frequent cause of exacerbation of bronchial asthma in adults. Ann Allergy. 1986. 57:263–265.
27. Meloni F, Paschetto E, Mangiarotti P, Crepaldi M, Morosini M, Bulgheroni A, et al. Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbations of COPD or asthma: therapeutic considerations. J Chemother. 2004. 16:70–76.
28. Lieberman D, Lieberman D, Printz S, Ben-Yaakov M, Lazarovich Z, Ohana B, et al. Atypical pathogen infection in adults with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003. 167:406–410.
29. Kraft M, Cassell GH, Henson JE, Watson H, Williamson J, Marmion BP, et al. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the airways of adults with chronic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998. 158:998–1001.
30. Tuuminen T, Edelstein I, Punin A, Kislova N, Stratchounski L. Use of quantitative and objective enzyme immunoassays to investigate the possible association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies and asthma. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004. 10:345–348.
31. Johnston SL, Martin RJ. Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: a role in asthma pathogenesis? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005. 172:1078–1089.
32. Martin RJ, Chu HW, Honour JM, Harbeck RJ. Airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness after Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a murine model. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001. 24:577–582.
33. Hoek KL, Cassell GH, Duffy LB, Atkinson TP. Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced activation and cytokine production in rodent mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002. 109:470–476.
34. Koh YY, Park Y, Lee HJ, Kim CK. Levels of interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia: implication of tendency toward increased immunoglobulin E production. Pediatrics. 2001. 107:E39.
35. Yang J, Hooper WC, Phillips DJ, Talkington DF. Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in human lung epithelial cells infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun. 2002. 70:3649–3655.
36. Chu HW, Honour JM, Rawlinson CA, Harbeck RJ, Martin RJ. Effects of respiratory Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection on allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation in mice. Infect Immun. 2003. 71:1520–1526.
37. Opitz O, Pietsch K, Ehlers S, Jacobs E. Cytokine gene expression in immune mice reinfected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae: the role of T cell subsets in aggravating the inflammatory response. Immunobiology. 1996. 196:575–587.
38. Waites KB, Crabb DM, Bing X, Duffy LB. In vitro susceptibilities to and bactericidal activities of garenoxacin (BMS-284756) and other antimicrobial agents against human mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003. 47:161–165.
39. Clyde WA Jr. Tully JG, Whitcomb RF, editors. Mycoplasma pneumonaie infections of man. The mycoplasmas II. Human and animal mycoplasmas. 1979. vol. II. New York: Academic Press;275–306.
40. Kenny GE, Cartwright FD. Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, M. pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to GAR-936, dalfopristin, dirithromycin, evernimicin, gatifloxacin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, quinupristin- dalfopristin, and telithromycin compared to their susceptibilities to reference macrolides, tetracyclines, and quinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001. 45:2604–2608.
41. Schonwald S, Kuzman I, Oreskovic K, Burek V, Skerk V, Car V, et al. Azithromycin: single 1.5 g dose in the treatment of patients with atypical pneumonia syndrome: a randomized study. Infection. 1999. 27:198–202.
42. Waites KB, Crabb DM, Duffy LB. In vitro activities of ABT-773 and other antimicrobials against human mycoplasmas. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003. 47:39–42.
43. Pullman J, Champlin J, Vrooman PS Jr. Efficacy and tolerability of once-daily oral therapy with telithromycin compared with trovafloxacin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Int J Clin Pract. 2003. 57:377–384.
Full Text Links
  • TRD
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr