1. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG, et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007; 33:Suppl 1. S1–S75.
2. European Stroke Organisation. Tendera M, Aboyans V, Bartelink ML, Baumgartner I, Clément D, et al. ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases: document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries: the Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Artery Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2011; 32:2851–2906.
3. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation. 2006; 113:e463–e654.
4. National Clinical Guideline Center. Lower limb peripheral arterial disease: diagnosis and management. Manchester: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence;2012.
5. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Diagnosis and management of peripheral arterial disease. A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network;2006.
6. Abramson BL, Huckell V, Anand S, Forbes T, Gupta A, Harris K, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference: peripheral arterial disease - executive summary. Can J Cardiol. 2005; 21:997–1006.
7. Symes JF, Graham AM, Mousseau M. Doppler waveform analysis versus segmental pressure and pulse-volume recording: assessment of occlusive disease in the lower extremity. Can J Surg. 1984; 27:345–347.
8. Pardo M, Alcaraz M, Ramón Breijo F, Bernal FL, Felices JM, Canteras M. Increased transcutaneous oxygen pressure is an indicator of revascularization after peripheral transluminal angioplasty. Acta Radiol. 2010; 51:990–993.
9. Padberg FT, Back TL, Thompson PN, Hobson RW 2nd. Transcutaneous oxygen (TcPO2) estimates probability of healing in the ischemic extremity. J Surg Res. 1996; 60:365–369.
10. Collins R, Cranny G, Burch J, Aguiar-Ibáñez R, Craig D, Wright K, et al. A systematic review of duplex ultrasound, magnetic resonance angiography and computed tomography angiography for the diagnosis and assessment of symptomatic, lower limb peripheral arterial disease. Health Technol Assess. 2007; 11:iii–iiv. xi–xiii. 1–184.
11. Pinto F, Lencioni R, Napoli V, Petrucci R, Vignali C, Armillotta N, et al. Peripheral ischemic occlusive arterial disease: comparison of color Doppler sonography and angiography. J Ultrasound Med. 1996; 15:697–704. quiz 705-706.
12. Moneta GL, Yeager RA, Lee RW, Porter JM. Noninvasive localization of arterial occlusive disease: a comparison of segmental Doppler pressures and arterial duplex mapping. J Vasc Surg. 1993; 17:578–582.
13. Rieker O, Düber C, Schmiedt W, von Zitzewitz H, Schweden F, Thelen M. Prospective comparison of CT angiography of the legs with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996; 166:269–276.
14. Rubin GD, Schmidt AJ, Logan LJ, Sofilos MC. Multi-detector row CT angiography of lower extremity arterial inflow and runoff: initial experience. Radiology. 2001; 221:146–158.
15. Met R, Bipat S, Legemate DA, Reekers JA, Koelemay MJ. Diagnostic performance of computed tomography angiography in peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009; 301:415–424.
16. Khilnani NM, Winchester PA, Prince MR, Vidan E, Trost DW, Bush HL Jr, et al. Peripheral vascular disease: combined 3D bolus chase and dynamic 2D MR angiography compared with x-ray angiography for treatment planning. Radiology. 2002; 224:63–74.
17. Kreitner KF, Kalden P, Neufang A, Düber C, Krummenauer F, Küstner E, et al. Diabetes and peripheral arterial occlusive disease: prospective comparison of contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography with conventional digital subtraction angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000; 174:171–179.
18. Bertschinger K, Cassina PC, Debatin JF, Ruehm SG. Surveillance of peripheral arterial bypass grafts with three-dimensional MR angiography: comparison with digital subtraction angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001; 176:215–220.
19. Dorenbeck U, Seitz J, Völk M, Strotzer M, Lenhart M, Feuerbach S, et al. Evaluation of arterial bypass grafts of the pelvic and lower extremities with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography: comparison with digital subtraction angiography. Invest Radiol. 2002; 37:60–64.
20. Spronk S, Bosch JL, den Hoed PT, Veen HF, Pattynama PM, Hunink MG. Intermittent claudication: clinical effectiveness of endovascular revascularization versus supervised hospital-based exercise training--randomized controlled trial. Radiology. 2009; 250:586–595.
21. Greenhalgh RM, Belch JJ, Brown LC, Gaines PA, Gao L, Reise JA, et al. The adjuvant benefit of angioplasty in patients with mild to moderate intermittent claudication (MIMIC) managed by supervised exercise, smoking cessation advice and best medical therapy: results from two randomised trials for stenotic femoropopliteal and aortoiliac arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008; 36:680–688.
22. Murphy TP, Cutlip DE, Regensteiner JG, Mohler ER, Cohen DJ, Reynolds MR, et al. Supervised exercise versus primary stenting for claudication resulting from aortoiliac peripheral artery disease: six-month outcomes from the claudication: exercise versus endoluminal revascularization (CLEVER) study. Circulation. 2012; 125:130–139.
23. Kashyap VS, Pavkov ML, Bena JF, Sarac TP, O'Hara PJ, Lyden SP, et al. The management of severe aortoiliac occlusive disease: endovascular therapy rivals open reconstruction. J Vasc Surg. 1457; 48:1451–1457. 1451.e1–1457.e3.
24. Adam DJ, Beard JD, Cleveland T, Bell J, Bradbury AW, Forbes JF, et al. Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366:1925–1934.
25. Bradbury AW, Adam DJ, Bell J, Forbes JF, Fowkes FG, Gillespie I, et al. Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) trial: a survival prediction model to facilitate clinical decision making. J Vasc Surg. 2010; 51:5 Suppl. 52S–68S.
26. Conrad MF, Kang J, Cambria RP, Brewster DC, Watkins MT, Kwolek CJ, et al. Infrapopliteal balloon angioplasty for the treatment of chronic occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg. 2009; 50:799.e4–805.e4.
27. Stacul F, van der Molen AJ, Reimer P, Webb JA, Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, et al. Contrast induced nephropathy: updated ESUR Contrast Media Safety Committee guidelines. Eur Radiol. 2011; 21:2527–2541.
28. McCullough PA, Wolyn R, Rocher LL, Levin RN, O'Neill WW. Acute renal failure after coronary intervention: incidence, risk factors, and relationship to mortality. Am J Med. 1997; 103:368–375.
29. Bader BD, Berger ED, Heede MB, Silberbaur I, Duda S, Risler T, et al. What is the best hydration regimen to prevent contrast media-induced nephrotoxicity? Clin Nephrol. 2004; 62:1–7.
30. ACT Investigators. Acetylcysteine for prevention of renal outcomes in patients undergoing coronary and peripheral vascular angiography: main results from the randomized Acetylcysteine for Contrast-induced nephropathy Trial (ACT). Circulation. 2011; 124:1250–1259.
31. Kinney TB, Rose SC. Intraarterial pressure measurements during angiographic evaluation of peripheral vascular disease: techniques, interpretation, applications, and limitations. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996; 166:277–284.
32. Neville RF, Attinger CE, Bulan EJ, Ducic I, Thomassen M, Sidawy AN. Revascularization of a specific angiosome for limb salvage: does the target artery matter? Ann Vasc Surg. 2009; 23:367–373.
33. Schmidt A, Ulrich M, Winkler B, Klaeffling C, Bausback Y, Bräunlich S, et al. Angiographic patency and clinical outcome after balloon-angioplasty for extensive infrapopliteal arterial disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2010; 76:1047–1054.
34. Dalla Paola L, Faglia E. Treatment of diabetic foot ulcer: an overview strategies for clinical approach. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2006; 2:431–447.
35. Becker GJ, Katzen BT, Dake MD. Noncoronary angioplasty. Radiology. 1989; 170(3 Pt 2):921–940.
36. Bosch JL, Hunink MG. Meta-analysis of the results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent placement for aortoiliac occlusive disease. Radiology. 1997; 204:87–96.
37. Goode SD, Cleveland TJ, Gaines PA. STAG trial collaborators. Randomized clinical trial of stents versus angioplasty for the treatment of iliac artery occlusions (STAG trial). Br J Surg. 2013; 100:1148–1153.
38. Harnek J, Zoucas E, Stenram U, Cwikiel W. Insertion of self-expandable nitinol stents without previous balloon angioplasty reduces restenosis compared with PTA prior to stenting. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2002; 25:430–436.
39. Onal B, Ilgit ET, Yücel C, Ozbek E, Vural M, Akpek S. Primary stenting for complex atherosclerotic plaques in aortic and iliac stenoses. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1998; 21:386–392.
40. Ye W, Liu CW, Ricco JB, Mani K, Zeng R, Jiang J. Early and late outcomes of percutaneous treatment of TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus class C and D aorto-iliac lesions. J Vasc Surg. 2011; 53:1728–1737.
41. Grenacher L, Rohde S, Gänger E, Deutsch J, Kauffmann GW, Richter GM. In vitro comparison of self-expanding versus balloon-expandable stents in a human ex vivo model. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2006; 29:249–254.
42. Jongkind V, Akkersdijk GJ, Yeung KK, Wisselink W. A systematic review of endovascular treatment of extensive aortoiliac occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg. 2010; 52:1376–1383.
43. Koizumi A, Kumakura H, Kanai H, Araki Y, Kasama S, Sumino H, et al. Ten-year patency and factors causing restenosis after endovascular treatment of iliac artery lesions. Circ J. 2009; 73:860–866.
44. Sharafuddin MJ, Hoballah JJ, Kresowik TF, Sharp WJ, Golzarian J, Sun S, et al. Long-term outcome following stent reconstruction of the aortic bifurcation and the role of geometric determinants. Ann Vasc Surg. 2008; 22:346–357.
45. Moise MA, Alvarez-Tostado JA, Clair DG, Greenberg RK, Lyden SP, Srivastava SD, et al. Endovascular management of chronic infrarenal aortic occlusion. J Endovasc Ther. 2009; 16:84–92.
46. Kasapis C, Henke PK, Chetcuti SJ, Koenig GC, Rectenwald JE, Krishnamurthy VN, et al. Routine stent implantation vs. percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in femoropopliteal artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J. 2009; 30:44–45.
47. Hunink MG, Wong JB, Donaldson MC, Meyerovitz MF, Harrington DP. Patency results of percutaneous and surgical revascularization for femoropopliteal arterial disease. Med Decis Making. 1994; 14:71–81.
48. Capek P, McLean GK, Berkowitz HD. Femoropopliteal angioplasty. Factors influencing long-term success. Circulation. 1991; 83:2 Suppl. I70–I80.
49. Met R, Van Lienden KP, Koelemay MJ, Bipat S, Legemate DA, Reekers JA. Subintimal angioplasty for peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a systematic review. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2008; 31:687–697.
50. Siablis D, Diamantopoulos A, Katsanos K, Spiliopoulos S, Kagadis GC, Papadoulas S, et al. Subintimal angioplasty of long chronic total femoropopliteal occlusions: long-term outcomes, predictors of angiographic restenosis, and role of stenting. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2012; 35:483–490.
51. Sabeti S, Schillinger M, Amighi J, Sherif C, Mlekusch W, Ahmadi R, et al. Primary patency of femoropopliteal arteries treated with nitinol versus stainless steel self-expanding stents: propensity score-adjusted analysis. Radiology. 2004; 232:516–521.
52. Cejna M, Thurnher S, Illiasch H, Horvath W, Waldenberger P, Hornik K, et al. PTA versus Palmaz stent placement in femoropopliteal artery obstructions: a multicenter prospective randomized study. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001; 12:23–31.
53. Duda SH, Bosiers M, Lammer J, Scheinert D, Zeller T, Tielbeek A, et al. Sirolimus-eluting versus bare nitinol stent for obstructive superficial femoral artery disease: the SIROCCO II trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005; 16:331–338.
54. Dake MD, Ansel GM, Jaff MR, Ohki T, Saxon RR, Smouse HB, et al. Sustained safety and effectiveness of paclitaxel-eluting stents for femoropopliteal lesions: 2-year follow-up from the Zilver PTX randomized and single-arm clinical studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61:2417–2427.
55. Cassese S, Byrne RA, Ott I, Ndrepepa G, Nerad M, Kastrati A, et al. Paclitaxel-coated versus uncoated balloon angioplasty reduces target lesion revascularization in patients with femoropopliteal arterial disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2012; 5:582–589.
56. Lammer J, Zeller T, Hausegger KA, Schaefer PJ, Gschwendtner M, Mueller-Huelsbeck S, et al. Heparin-bonded covered stents versus bare-metal stents for complex femoropopliteal artery lesions: the randomized VIASTAR trial (Viabahn endoprosthesis with PROPATEN bioactive surface [VIA] versus bare nitinol stent in the treatment of long lesions in superficial femoral artery occlusive disease). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 62:1320–1327.
57. Shammas NW, Coiner D, Shammas GA, Dippel EJ, Christensen L, Jerin M. Percutaneous lower-extremity arterial interventions with primary balloon angioplasty versus Silverhawk atherectomy and adjunctive balloon angioplasty: randomized trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011; 22:1223–1228.
58. Romiti M, Albers M, Brochado-Neto FC, Durazzo AE, Pereira CA, De Luccia N. Meta-analysis of infrapopliteal angioplasty for chronic critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2008; 47:975–981.
59. Biondi-Zoccai GG, Sangiorgi G, Lotrionte M, Feiring A, Commeau P, Fusaro M, et al. Infragenicular stent implantation for below-the-knee atherosclerotic disease: clinical evidence from an international collaborative meta-analysis on 640 patients. J Endovasc Ther. 2009; 16:251–260.
60. Antoniou GA, Chalmers N, Kanesalingham K, Antoniou SA, Schiro A, Serracino-Inglott F, et al. Meta-analysis of outcomes of endovascular treatment of infrapopliteal occlusive disease with drug-eluting stents. J Endovasc Ther. 2013; 20:131–144.