J Korean Med Assoc.  2009 May;52(5):489-499. 10.5124/jkma.2009.52.5.489.

Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

• Kim YK
• Song DH

• KMID: 2188014
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2009.52.5.489

Abstract

This article presents the knowledges regarding the evaluation and the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Probably the most important components to a comprehensive evaluation of patients with ADHD, are the clinical interview, the medical examination, and the completion and scoring of behavior rating scales. The treatments of ADHD are followings: pharmacologic treatment such as stimulants, atomoxetine, modafinil, and bupropionn, and non-pharmacologic treatment such as parental education/training and cognitivebehavioral treatment.

Keyword

ADHD; Epidemiology; Evaluation; Treatment

MeSH Terms

Atomoxetine Hydrochloride
Benzhydryl Compounds
Humans
Parents
Propylamines
Weights and Measures
Benzhydryl Compounds
Propylamines

Reference

1. Pliszka S. AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007. 46:894–921.

2. Rowland AS, Umbach DM, Stallone L, Naftel AJ, Bohlig EM, Sandler DP. Prevalence of medication treatment for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder among elementary school children in Johnston County, North Carolina. Am J Public Health. 2002. 92:231–234.

3. Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, et al. How common is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? Incidence in a population-based birth cohort in Rochester, Minn. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002. 156:217–224.

4. Woodruff TJ, Axelrad DA, Kyle AD, Nweke o, Miller GG, Hurley BJ. Trends in environmentally related childhood illnesses. Pediatrics. 2004. 113:1133–1140.

5. Ahn Dong Hyun, Kang Hwayeon, Kim Bung-Nyun, Kim Ji Hoon, Shin Dongwon, Yang Su-Jin, Yoo Hanik K., Yoo Hee Jeong, Cheon Keun-Ah, Hong Hyunju. The Korean practice parameter for the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder(I): Introduction, clinical features and course. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007. 18:3–9.

6. Kim JY, Ahn DH, Shin YJ. An epidemiological study of attention defeict-hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities in a rural area. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 1999. 38:784–793.

7. Kim JW, Park KH, Choe MJ. Screening for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in community mental services for children. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2004. 43:200–208.

8. Cho SC, Shin YO. Prevalence of disruptive behavior disorders. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994. 5:141–149.

9. Yang SJ, Cheong SS, Hong SD. Prevalence and correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: school-based mental health services in Seoul. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2006. 45:69–76.

10. Hong Kang E. Korean textbook of child psychiatry. 2005. Joonangcopy;220–248.

11. Willcutt EG, Doyle AE, Nigg JT, Faraone SV, Pennington BF. Validity of the executive function theory of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biol Psychiatry. 2005. 57:1336–1346.

12. Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, Sklar P. Molecular genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005. 57:1313–1323.

13. Castellanos RX, Lee PP, Sharp W, Jeffries NO, Greenstein DK, Clasen LS, Blumenthal JD, James RS, Ebens CL, Walter JM, Zijdenbos A, Evans AC, Giedd JN, Rapoport JL. Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. JAMA. 2002. 288:1740–1748.

14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 1994. 4th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.

15. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K. The persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 2002. 111:279–289.

16. Barkley RA. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. 2005. New York: Guilford Press.

17. Pliszka SR, Carlson DL, Swanson JM. ADHD with comorbid disorders: Clinical assessment and management. 1999. New York: Guilford.

18. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Jetton JG, Tsuang MT. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal evidence for a familial subtype. Psychol Med. 1997. 27:291–300.

19. Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Chen L, Jones J. ADHD is associated with early initiation of cigarette smoking in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997. 36:37–44.

20. Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E. Is ADHD a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorders? Findings from a four-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997. 36:21–29.

21. Pliszka SR, Carlson CL, Swanson JM. ADHD with Comorbid Disorders: Clinical Assessment and Management. 1999. New York: Guilford.

22. Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich S. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1991. 148:564–577.

23. MTA Cooperative Group. Moderators and mediators of treatment response for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the MTA Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999. 56:1088–1096.

24. Spencer T, Biederman J, Caffey B, Geller D, Wilens T, Faraone S. The 4-year course of tic disorders in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999. 56:842–847.

25. Peterson BS, Pine DS, Cohen P, Brook JS. Prospective longitudinal study of tic, obsessive-compulsive, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderss in an epidemiological sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001. 40:685–695.

26. Biederman J. Resolved: mania is mistaken for ADHD in prepubertal children, affirmative. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998. 37:1091–1093.

27. Biederman J. Impact of comorbidity in adults with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004. 65:3–7.

28. Cheon Keun-Ah, Kim Ji Hoon, Kang Hwayeon, Kim Bung-Nyun, Shin Dongwon, Ahn Dong Hyun, Yang Su-Jin, Yoo Hanik K., Yoo Hee Jeong, Hong Hyunju. The Korean practice parameter for the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder(II): Diagnosis and assessment. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007. 18:10–15.

29. Noh JS, Ko YJ, Seo DH, Sohn SH, Kim SJ, Kim YS. Korean standardization study of parent and teacher Conners Rating Scales. Scientific Proceeding Book for Spring Academy Meeting of Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000.

30. So YK, Noh JS, Kim YS, Ko SG, Koh YJ. The reliability and validity of Korean parent and teacher ADHD rating scale. Korean J Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2002. 41:283–289.

31. Oh KJ, Lee HR. Development of Korean version of Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL). 1990. Seoul: Korean Research Foundation Report.

32. Yoo Hee Jeong, Yang Su-Jin, Shin Dongwon, Kang Hwayeon, Kim Bung-Nyun, Kim Ji Hoon, Ahn Dong Hyun, Yoo Hanik K., Cheon Keun-Ah, Hong Hyunju. The Korean practice parameter for the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (III): Pharmacologic treatment. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007. 18:16–25.

33. Biederman J, Mick E, Surman C, Doyle R, Hammerness P, Harpold T, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of OROS methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperacitivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2006. 59:829–835.

34. Swanson J, Gupta S, Lam A, Shoulson I, Lerner M, Modi N, et al. Development of a new once-a day formulation of methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Proof-of concept and proof-of product studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003. 60:204–211.

35. Michelson D, Faries D, Wernicke J, kelsey D, Kendrick K, Sallee FR, et al. Atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-response study. Pediatrics. 2001. 8:e83.

36. Michelson D, Allen AJ, Busner J, Casat C, Dunn D, Kratochvil C, Newcorn J, Sallee FR, Sangal RB, Saylor K, West S, Kelsey D, Wernicke J, Trapp NJ, Harder D. Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002. 159:1896–1901.

37. Michelson D, Adler L, Spencer T, Reimherr FW, West SA, Allen AJ, Kelsey D, Wernicke J, Dietrich A, Milton D. Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Biol Psychiatry. 2003. 53:112–120.

38. Michelson D, Allen AJ, Busner J, Casat C, Dunn D, Kratochvil C, Newcorn J, Sallee FR, Sangal RB, Saylor K, West S, Kelsey D, Wernicke J, Trapp NJ, Harder D. Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002. 159:1896–1901.

39. Kratochvil CJ, Newcorn JH, Arnold LE, Duesenberg D, Emslie GJ, Quintana H, Sarkis EH, Wagner KD, Gao H, Michelson D, Biederman J. Atomoxetine alone or combined with fluoxetine for treating ADHD with comorbid depressive or anxiety symptoms. J Am Acd Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005. 44:915–924.

40. Turner DC, Clark l, Dowson J, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. Modafinil improves cognition and response inhibition in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2004. 55:1031–1040.

41. Greenhill LL, Biederman J, Boellner SW, Rugino TA, Sangal RB, Earl CQ, Jiang JG, Swanson JM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperacitivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006. 45:503–511.

42. Biederman J, Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Boellner SW, Earl CO, Lopez FA. A comparison of once-daily and divided doses of modafinil in children with attention-deficit/hyperacitivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006. 67:727–735.

43. Hong Kang E. Korean textbook of child psychiatry. 2005. Joonangcopy;595.

44. Kim Bung-Nyun, Yoo Hanik K., Kang Hwayeon, Kim Ji Hoon, Shin Dongwon, Ahn Dong Hyun, Yang Su-Jin, Yoo Hee Jeong, Cheon Keun-Ah, Hong Hyunju. The Korean practice parameter for the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder(IV): Non-pharmacologic treatment. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007. 18:26–30.

45. Barkley RA, DuPaul GJ, McMurray MB. A comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990. 58:775–789.

46. Pelham WE, Wheeler T, Chronis A. Empirically supported psychosocial treatments for attention deficit/hyperacitiy disorder. J Clin Child Psychol. 1998. 27:190–205.

47. Pelham W, Waschbusch DA. Handbook of disruptive disorders. 1999. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

48. Abikoff H. Cognitive training in ADHD children: less to it than meets the eye. J Learn Disabil. 1991. 24:205–209.