J Korean Acad Conserv Dent.  2007 Jul;32(4):343-355. 10.5395/JKACD.2007.32.4.343.

The bonding durability of resin cements

• Cho MW
• Park SH
• Kim JR
• Choi KK

• KMID: 2175896
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2007.32.4.343

Abstract

The objectives of this study was to evaluate the durability of 4 resin cements by means of microtensile bond strength test combined with thermocycling method and fractographic FE-SEM analysis. Experimental groups were prepared according to thermocycling (0, 1,000, 5,000) and the kind of resin cements, those were Variolink II, Multilink, Panavia F 2.0, Rely X Unicem. Flat dentin surfaces were created on mid-coronal dentin of extracted third molars. Then fresh dentin surface was grounded with 320-grit silicon carbide abrasive papers to create uniform smear layers. Indirect composite block (Tescera, Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA) was fabricated (12 x 12 x 6 mm3). It's surface for bonding to tooth was grounded with silicon carbide abrasive papers from 180- to 600-grit serially, then sandblasted with 20 - 50 microm alumina oxide. According to each manufacturer's instruction, dentin surface was treated and indirect composite block was luted on it using each resin cement. For Rely X Unicem, dentin surface was not treated. The bonded tooth-resin block were stored in distilled water at 37degrees C for 24 hours. After thermocycling, the bonded tooth-resin block was sectioned occluso-gingivally to 1.0 mm thick serial slabs using an Isomet slow-speed saw (Isomet, Buehler Ltd, Lake Bluff, IL, USA). These sectioned slabs were further sectioned to 1.0 x 1.0 mm2 composite-dentin beams. The specimens were tested with universal testing machine (EZ-Test, Shimadzu, Japan) at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min with maximum load of 500 N. The data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple comparison test at p < or = 0.05 level. Within the limited results, we conclude as follows; 1. The bond strength of Variolink II was evaluated the highest among experimental groups and was significantly decreased after 1,000 thermocycling (p < 0.05). 2. The bond strength of Multilink was more affected by thermocycling than the other experimental groups and significantly decreased after 1,000 thermocycling (p < 0.05). 3. Panavia F 2.0 and Rely X Unicem showed the gradually decreased tendency of microtensile bond strength according to thermocycling but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05). 4. Adhesive based-resin cements showed lower bond strength with or without thermocycling than composite based-resin cements. 5. Variolink II & Multilink showed high bond strength and mixed failure, which was occurred with a thin layer of luting resin cement before thermocycling and gradually increased adhesive failure along the dentin surface after thermocycling. The bonding performance of resin cement can be affected by application procedure and chemical composition. Composite based-resin cement showed higher bond strength and durability than adhesive based-resin cement.

Keyword

Bonding Durability; Resin Cement; Variolink II; Multilink; Panavia F 2.0; Rely X Unicem

MeSH Terms

Adhesives
Aluminum Oxide
Dentin
Lakes
Molar, Third
Resin Cements*
Tooth
Water
Adhesives
Aluminum Oxide
Resin Cements
Water

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Schematic presentation of thermocycling method.

• 

  Figure 2 Schematic presentation of µTBS testing.

• 

  Figure 3 Microtensile bond strength of Variolink II.

• 

  Figure 4 Microtensile bond strength of Multilink.

• 

  Figure 5 Microtensile bond strength of Panavia F 2.0.

• 

  Figure 6 Microtensile bond strength of Rely X Unicem.

• 

  Figure 7 Comparison of µTBS for each experimental group.

• 

  Figure 8 FE-SEM photograph illustrating the resin/dentin interface (× 1000). a. Cross-sectioned image of Variolink II. The thickness of resin cement was approximately 30 µm, hybrid layer was 10 µm, and the adhesive layer was likely thick. Uniform resin tags could be noticed. b. Cross-sectioned image of Multilink. The short and uncertain resin tags were formed. Hybrid layer was not certain. The thickness of resin cement was approximately 50 µm. c. Cross-sectioned image of Pavavia F 2.0. The thickness of resin cement was approximately 30 µm, slender resin tags were formed and hybrid layer was not certain. d. Cross-sectioned image of Rely X Unicem. The thickness of resin cement was approximately 15 µm and hybrid layer and resin tag were not formed. Notice slightly detached interface between resin cement and dentin. (RC : Resin cement, AD : Adhesive layer, HL : Hybrid layer, RT : Resin tag, D : Dentin, R : Tescera composite resin)

• 

  Figure 9 Debonded interface of Variolink II (× 100). A : adhesive, D : dentin

• 

  Figure 10 Debonded interface of Multilink (× 100). A : adhesive

• 

  Figure 11 Debonded interface of Panavia F 2.0 (× 100). A : adhesive

• 

  Figure 12 Debonded interface of Rely X Unicem (× 100).

• 

  Figure 13 Debonded interface of Variolink II without thermocycling (× 1000). Failure mode was mixed failure and dentinal tuble was observed.

• 

  Figure 14 Debonded interface of Multilink without thermocycling (× 2000). Failure mode was mixed failure and small dentinal tubule was observed.

Reference

1. Manhart J, Scheibenbogen-Fuchsbrunner A, Chen HY, Hickel R. A 2-year clinical study of composite and ceramic inlays. Clin Oral Investig. 2000. 4:192–198.

2. Peumans M, Van Meerbeek B, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G. Porcelain Veneers; a review of the literature. J Dent. 2000. 28:163–177.

3. Mitchell CA, Abbariki M, Orr JF. The influence of luting cement on the probabilities of survival and modes of failure of cast full-coveraged crowns. Dent Mater. 2000. 16:198–206.

4. Knox J, Kralj B, Hübsch PF, Middleton J, Jones ML. An evaluation of the influence of orthodontic adhesive on the stresses generated in a bonded bracket finite element model. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001. 119:43–53.

5. el-Mowafy O, Rubo MH. Retention of a posterior resin-bonded fixed partial denture with a modified design: an in vitro study. Int J Prosthodont. 2000. 13:425–431.

6. Carvalho RM, Pegoraro TA, Tay FR, Pegoraro LF, Pashley DH. Adhesive permeability affects coupling of resin cements that utiliseself-etching primers to dentine. J Dent. 2004. 32:55–65.

7. Krämer N, Lohbauer U, Frankenberger R. Adhesive luting of indirect restorations. Am J Dent. 2000. 13:60D–76D.

8. Hasegawa EA, Boyer DB, Chan DC. Hardening of dual-cured cements under composite resin inlays. J Prosthet Dent. 1991. 66:187–192.

9. el-Badrawy WA, el-Mowafy OM. Chemical versus dual curing of resin inlay cements. J Prosthet Dent. 1995. 73:515–524.

10. Pimenta LA, Amaral CM, Bedran de Castro AK, Ritter AV. Stability of dentin bond strengths using different bonding techniques after 12 months: total-etch, deproteinization and self-etching. Oper Dent. 2004. 29:592–598.

11. Paul SJ, Welter DA, Ghazi M, Pashley D. Nanoleakage at the dentin adhesivevs. microtensile bond strength. Oper Dent. 1999. 24:181–188.

12. Giannini M, Seixas CA, Reis AF, Pimenta LA. Six-month storage-time evaluation of one-bottle adhesive systems to dentin. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2003. 15:43–49.

13. Tay FR, Pashley DH, Yoshiyama M. Two mondes of nanoleakage expression in single-step adhesives. J Dent Res. 2002. 81:472–476.

14. Sano H, Yoshikawa T, Pereira PNR, Kanemura N, Morigami M, Tagami J, Pashley D. Long-term Durability of dentine bonds made with a self-etching primer. J Dent Res. 1999. 78:906–911.

15. Kato G, Nakabayashi N. The durability of adhesion to phosphoric acid etched,wet dentine substrates. Dent Mater. 1998. 14:347–352.

16. Hakimeh S, Vaidyanathan J, Houpt ML, Vaidyanathan TK, Hagen SV. Microleakage of compomer class V restorations: effect of load cycling, thermal cycling, and cavity shape differences. J Prosthet Dent. 2000. 83:194–203.

17. Wendt SL, Mcinnes PM, Dickinson GL. The effect of thermocycling in microleakage analysis. Dent Mater. 1992. 8:181–184.

18. Miyazaki M, Sato M, Onose H, Moore BK. Influence of thermal cycling on dentin bond strength of two-step bonding systems. Am J Dent. 1998. 11:118–122.

19. Hashimoto M, Ohno H, Kaga M, Endo K, Sano H, Oguchi H. In vivo degradation of resin-dentin bonds in humans over 1 to 3 years. J Dent Res. 2000. 79:1385–1391.

20. Krejci I, Lutz F. Mixed class V restorations: the potentials of dentine bonding. J Dent. 1990. 18:263–270.

21. Suh BI, Feng L, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Factors contributing to the incompatibility between simplified-step adhesives and chemically-cured or dual-cured composites. Part III. Effect of acidic resin monomers. J Adhes Dent. 2003. 5:267–282.

22. Attal JP, Asmussen E, Degrange M. Effects of surface treatment on the free surface energy of dentin. Dent Mater. 1994. 10:259–264.

23. Tay FR, Pashley DH. Aggressiveness of contemporary self-etching systems. I: Depth of penetration beyond dentin smear layers. Dent Mater. 2001. 17:296–308.

24. Frankenberger R, Strobel WO, Lohbauer U, Krämer N, Petschelt A. The effect of six years of water storage on resin composite bonding to human dentin. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2004. 69:25–32.

25. Armstrong SR, Vargas MA, Fang Q, Laffoon JE. Microtensile bond strength of a total-etch 3-step, total-etch 2-step, self-etch 2-step, and a self-etch 1-step dentin bonding system through 15-month water storage. J Adhes Dent. 2003. 5:47–56.

26. Tay FR, Pashley DH. Dental adhesives of the future. J Adhes Dent. 2002. 4:91–103.

27. Brackett MG, Dib A, Brackett WW, Estrada BE, Reyes AA. One-year clinical performance of a resin-modified glass ionomer and a resin composite restorative material in unprepared Class V restorations. Oper Dent. 2002. 27:112–116.

28. Türkün SL. Clinical evaluation of a self-etching and a one-bottle adhesive system at two years. J Dent. 2003. 31:527–534.

29. Takahashi A, Inoue S, Kawamoto C, Ominato R, Tanaka T, Sato Y, Pereira PNR, Sano H. In vivo long-term durability of the bond to dentin using two adhesive systems. J Adhes Dent. 2002. 4:151–159.

30. Miyazaki M, Sato M, Onose H, Moore BK. Influence of thermal cycling on dentin bond strength of two-step bonding systems. Am J Dent. 1998. 11:118–122.

31. Nikaido T, Kunzelman KH, Chen H, Ogata M, Harada N, Yamaguchi S, Cox CF, Hickel R, Tagami J. Evaluation of thermal cycling and mechanical loading on bond strength of a self-etching primer system to dentin. Dent Mater. 2002. 18:269–275.

32. De Munck J, Vargas M, Van Landuyt K, Hikita K, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B. Bonding of an auto-adhesive luting material to enamel and dentin. Dent Mater. 2004. 20:963–971.

33. Yang B, Ludwig K, Adelung R, Kern M. Microtensile bond strength of three luting resins to human regional dentin. Dent Mater. 2006. 22:45–46.

34. Kim DW, Park SJ, Choi KK. Compatibility of self-etching dentin adhesives with resin luting cements. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2005. 30:493–504.