Yonsei Med J.  2014 Nov;55(6):1672-1677. 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.6.1672.

Real Stereopsis Test Using a Three-Dimensional Display with Tridef Software

Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. shhan222@yuhs.ac
  • 2Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Abstract

PURPOSE
To investigate horizontal image disparity in three-dimensional (3-D) perception using 3-D animations in normal control patients and patients with intermittent exotropia, anisometropic amblyopia, and partially accommodative esotropia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 133 subjects were included. Stereopsis was measured using the Titmus Stereo test (Stereo Optical Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and a 3-D stereopsis test with a 15 inch 3-D display laptop, adjusting 3-D parameters of 0 mm horizontal disparity to 15 mm horizontal disparity.
RESULTS
When compared with normal controls, the average threshold of the 3-D stereopsis test was significantly reduced for esotropia patients (p<0.001) and for anisometric amblyopia patients (p<0.001), compared to normal controls. No significant difference was observed between normal controls and intermittent exotropia patients (p=0.082). The 3-D stereopsis test was correlated with the Titmus Stereo test (Spearman's rho=0.690, p<0.001). Mean difference in stereoacuity was 1.323 log seconds of arc (95% limits of agreement: 0.486 to 2.112), and 125 (92.5%) patients were within the limits of agreement.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated that a 3-D stereopsis test with animation is highly correlated with the Titmus Stereo test; nevertheless, 3-D stereopsis with animations generates more image disparities than the conventional Titmus Stereo test. The 3-D stereopsis test is highly predictive for estimating real stereopsis in a 3-D movie theater.

Keyword

Depth perceptions; vision disparity; imaging; three dimensional

MeSH Terms

Adult
Aged
Amblyopia/diagnosis
Anisometropia/diagnosis
*Depth Perception
Esotropia/diagnosis
Female
Humans
Imaging, Three-Dimensional/*instrumentation
Male
Middle Aged
*Perceptual Disorders
Software
*Vision Disparity
Vision, Binocular
Visual Acuity/*physiology

Figure

  • Fig. 1 (A) Subject watches the 3-dimensional (3-D) movie displayed by a 15 inch 3-D laptop computer. (B) The video clip was converted into a 3-D movie by a TriDef 3-D media player.

  • Fig. 2 Box plot illustrating the results of the Titmus Stereo and three-dimensional (3-D) stereopsis tests for each group of patients. *Statistical significance compared to normal controls. arcsec, seconds of arc.

  • Fig. 3 Scatter plot showing the association between the Titmus Stereo and three-dimensional (3-D) stereopsis tests (Spearman's rho=0.690, p<0.001). arcsec, seconds of arc.

  • Fig. 4 Bland-Altman plot showing differences between the three-dimensional (3-D) stereopsis and Titmus Stereo tests for 133 subjects. Gray area shows 95% limits of agreement with 95% confidence intervals. Mean difference between the 3-D stereopsis and Titmus tests was 1.323 log arcsec. arcsec, seconds of arc.


Reference

1. Wardle SG, Gillam BJ. Phantom surfaces in da Vinci stereopsis. J Vis. 2013; 13:16.
Article
2. Wallace DK, Lazar EL, Melia M, Birch EE, Holmes JM, Hopkins KB, et al. Stereoacuity in children with anisometropic amblyopia. J AAPOS. 2011; 15:455–461.
Article
3. O'Connor AR, Fawcett SI, Stager DR, Birch EE. Factors influencing sensory outcome following surgical correction of infantile esotropia. Am Orthopt J. 2002; 52:69–74.
4. Lee SY, Isenberg SJ. The relationship between stereopsis and visual acuity after occlusion therapy for amblyopia. Ophthalmology. 2003; 110:2088–2092.
Article
5. Adams WE, Leske DA, Hatt SR, Mohney BG, Birch EE, Weakley DR Jr, et al. Improvement in distance stereoacuity following surgery for intermittent exotropia. J AAPOS. 2008; 12:141–144.
Article
6. Birch EE, Wang J. Stereoacuity outcomes after treatment of infantile and accommodative esotropia. Optom Vis Sci. 2009; 86:647–652.
Article
7. Cooper J. Clinical stereopsis testing: contour and random dot stereograms. J Am Optom Assoc. 1979; 50:41–46.
8. Westheimer G. Clinical evaluation of stereopsis. Vision Res. 2013; 90:38–42.
Article
9. Fawcett SL, Birch EE. Interobserver test-retest reliability of the Randot preschool stereoacuity test. J AAPOS. 2000; 4:354–358.
Article
10. Adams WE, Leske DA, Hatt SR, Holmes JM. Defining real change in measures of stereoacuity. Ophthalmology. 2009; 116:281–285.
Article
11. Birch EE. Marshall Parks lecture. Binocular sensory outcomes in accommodative ET. J AAPOS. 2003; 7:369–373.
12. Stathacopoulos RA, Rosenbaum AL, Zanoni D, Stager DR, McCall LC, Ziffer AJ, et al. Distance stereoacuity. Assessing control in intermittent exotropia. Ophthalmology. 1993; 100:495–500.
13. Fujikado T, Hosohata J, Ohmi G, Tano Y. A clinical evaluation of stereopsis required to see 3-D images. Ergonomics. 1996; 39:1315–1320.
Article
14. Yang SN, Schlieski T, Selmins B, Cooper SC, Doherty RA, Corriveau PJ, et al. Stereoscopic viewing and reported perceived immersion and symptoms. Optom Vis Sci. 2012; 89:1068–1080.
Article
15. Tomaç S, Altay Y. Near stereoacuity: development in preschool children; normative values and screening for binocular vision abnormalities; a study of 115 children. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2000; 15:221–228.
16. Köhler L, Stigmar G. Vision screening of four-year-old children. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1973; 62:17–27.
Article
Full Text Links
  • YMJ
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr