Korean J Orthod.  2011 Oct;41(5):361-370. 10.4041/kjod.2011.41.5.361.

Histologic assessment of the biological effects after speedy surgical orthodontics in a beagle animal model: a preliminary study

• Kim HS
• Lee YJ
• Park YG
• Chung KR
• Kang YG
• Choo H
• Kim SH

• KMID: 1975393
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2011.41.5.361

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
Speedy surgical orthodontics (SSO), an innovative orthodontic treatment, involves the application of orthopedic forces against temporary skeletal anchorage devices following perisegmental corticotomy to induce movement of specific dental segments. Herein, we report the biological effects of SSO on the teeth and periodontal structures.
METHODS
Five beagle dogs were divided into 2 groups and their 6 maxillary incisors were retracted en masse by applying 500 g orthopedic force against a single palatal mini-plate. Retraction was performed without and with perisegmental corticotomy in groups I and II, respectively. All animals were killed on the 70th day, and their periodontal structures were processed for histologic analyses and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The linear distance between the third maxillary incisor and canine was used as a benchmark to quantify the retraction amount.
RESULTS
Retraction was markedly faster and retraction amount greater in group II than in Group I. Surprisingly, Group II did not show any root resorption despite extensive retraction, while Group I showed prominent root surface irregularities. Similarly, SEM showed multiple resorption lacunae in Group I, but not in Group II.
CONCLUSIONS
SSO is an effective and favorable orthodontic approach for major en masse retraction of the maxillary anterior teeth.

Keyword

Speedy surgical orthodontics; Perisegmental corticotomy; Compression osteogenesis; en masse retraction; Root resorption; Mini-plate; Temporary skeletal anchorage device

MeSH Terms

Animals
Dogs
Electronics
Electrons
Incisor
Microscopy
Orthodontics
Orthopedics
Root Resorption
Tooth

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Surgical cuts for perisegmental corticotomy between the maxillary 3rd incisor and canine. A, Palatal corticotomy; B, labial corticotomy.

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  Fig. 2 A, Intraoral photograph and; B, occlusal radiograph of the orthodontic appliances used for tooth movement immediately after force application using the modified C-lingual retractor and C-plate combined appliance; C, lateral cephalogram at the time of initial force application; D, lateral cephalogram after retraction. Distance measured (white arrow) and teeth used for histologic evaluation (*) are shown, and the arrow indicates the corticotomy site.

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  Fig. 3 Schematic illustration of the experimental design. Exp., Experimental group; Both., control group (Group I) and experimental group (Group II).

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  Fig. 4 Microphotographs of periodontal tissue on a labio-lingual section of the retracted maxillary anterior tooth (hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain) for lingual area (pressure side) for group I (dog A). A, Periodontal ligamental tissue was lost and root cementum was also partly absent. Note the demarcation line between root dentin and cementum was partially lost (H&E, × 100). Black framed area is magnified in B. Short black arrow heads show root resorption; B, osteoclasts were observed on the surface of resorbing alveolar bone (H&E, × 400). AB, Alveolar bone; PDL, periodontal ligament; TR, tooth root; OCL, osteoclasts.

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  Fig. 5 Microphotographs of periodontal tissue on the lingual area (pressure side) for group I (dog B). A, Odontoclasts were observed on the surface of the resorbing tooth surface. Attachment loss of periodontal ligament and loss of cementum continuity are seen (H&E, × 40); B, higher magnification view of compression side (H&E, × 100). Short black arrow heads show root resorption. AB, Alveolar bone; PDL, periodontal ligament; TR, tooth root.

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  Fig. 6 Microphotographs of periodontal tissue on the lingual area (pressure side) for group II (dog C). A, Many osteoclasts are observed on the surface of alveolar bone, but no root resorption is observed. Note the intact continuous cementum line of the dental root (H&E, × 40); B, higher magnification view of the compression side (H&E, × 100). AB, Alveolar bone; PDL, periodontal ligament; TR, tooth root; OCL, osteoclasts.

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  Fig. 7 Microphotographs of periodontal tissue on the labial area (tension side) for group I (dog B) and group II (dog C). A, Many osteoblasts are observed on the surface of alveolar bone for group I (dog B). There are many capillaries in the marrow space of new bone formation, however, resorption activities of bone or root were not observed. Note that the newly formed bone trabeculae were directed horizontally coinciding with the direction of tooth movement (H&E, × 40); B, histologic features of group II (dog C) were similar to Group I but with less extent of new bone formation (H&E, × 40). AB, Alveolar bone; PDL, periodontal ligament; TR, tooth root.

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  Fig. 8 Scanning electron microscopy images of the dental root surface from group I (dogs A and B) and group II (dogs C and D). A, Image of group I (dog A) shows resorption of cementum. Many resorption lacunae were clustered together and the sizes of lacunae were similar although the depths varied (SEM, × 100); B, higher magnification image of group I (dog A) shows round resorption lacunae with definite boundaries. Several small holes were visible in the bottom of some lacunae which are considered to be dentinal tubules (SEM, × 300); C, image of group II (dog D) shows smooth root surfaces without resorption lacunae (SEM, × 100); D, higher magnification of image of group II (dog D) at SEM, × 300.

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