1. Hammarsten J, Hogstedt B. Hyperinsulinaemia as a risk factor for developing benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol. 2001. 39:151–158.
2. Michel MC, Heemann U, Schumacher H, Mehlburger L, Goepel M. Association of hypertension with symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2004. 172:1390–1393.
3. Boon TA, Van Venrooij GE, Eckhardt MD. Effect of diabetes mellitus on lower urinary tract symptoms and dysfunction in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Curr Urol Rep. 2001. 2:297–301.
4. Hammarsten J, Hogstedt B, Holthuis N, Mellstrom D. Components of the metabolic syndrome-risk factors for the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 1998. 1:157–162.
5. Matsuda T, Abe H, Suda K. Relation between benign prostatic hyperplasia and obesity and estrogen. Rinsho Byori. 2004. 52:291–294.
6. Hammarsten J, Hogstedt B. Clinical, anthropometric, metabolic and insulin profile of men with fast annual growth rates of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Blood Press. 1999. 8:29–36.
7. Hammarsten J, Hogstedt B. Hyperinsulinaemia as a risk factor for developing benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol. 2001. 39:151–158.
8. Ozden C, Ozdal OL, Urgancioglu G, Koyuncu H, Gokkaya S, Memis A. The correlation between metabolic syndrome and prostatic growth in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol. 2007. 51:199–203.
9. Nandeesha H, Koner BC, Dorairajan LN, Sen SK. Hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia in non-diabetic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Clin Chim Acta. 2006. 370:89–93.
10. Kim JH, Shin BS, Kim JS, Hong YS. Voiding dysfunction of men is associated with metabolic syndrome. Korean J Urol. 2006. 47:257–262.
11. Reaven GM. Insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and the metabolic syndrome: How well do the emperor's clothes fit? Diabetes Care. 2004. 27:1011–1012.
12. Ford ES. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the international diabetes federation among adults in the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2005. 28:2745–2749.
13. Lim S, Lee HK, Park KS, Cho SI. Changes in the characteristics of metabolic syndrome in Korea over the period 1998-2001 as determined by Korean National Health and Nutrition examination surveys. Diabetes Care. 2005. 28:1810–1812.
14. Timme TL, Truong LD, Merz VW, Krebs T, Kadmon D, Flanders KC, et al. Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions and transforming growth factor-beta expression during mouse prostate morphogenesis. Endocrinology. 1994. 134:1039–1045.
15. Brochu M, Belanger A. Comparative study of plasma steroid and steroid glucuronide levels in normal men and in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate. 1987. 11:33–40.
16. Wrana JL, Attisano L, Wieser R, Ventura F, Massague J. Mechanism of activation of the TGF-β receptor. Nature. 1994. 370:341–347.
17. Zaroli A, Mandressi A, Belloni M, Antonelli D, Bernasconi S, Buizza C, et al. Physiopathology of BPH obstruction. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 1995. 67:13–16.
18. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988. 37:1595–1607.
19. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care. 1991. 14:173–194.
20. Rett K, Wicklmayr M, Mehnert H. New aspects of insulin resistance in hypertension. Eur Heart J. 1994. 15:Suppl C. 78–81.
21. Landsberg L. Diet, obesity an hypertension: an hypothesis involving insulin, the sympathetic nervous system, and adaptice thermogenesis. Q J Med. 1986. 61:1081–1090.
22. Berne C, Pollare T, Fagius J. The sympathetic outflow in vasoconstrictor nerve fascicles to muscle is increased during euglycacemic hyperinsulinemia. Diabetologia. 1989. 32:Suppl. 465A.
23. McNeal J. Pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Insight into etiology. Urol Clin North Am. 1990. 17:477–486.
24. Dahle SE, Chokkalingam AP, Gao YT, Deng J, Stanczyk FZ, Hsing AW. Body size and setum levels of insulin and leptin in relation to the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2002. 168:599–604.
25. Eldrup E, Lindholm J, Winkel P. Plasma sex hormones and ischemic heart disease. Clin Biochem. 1987. 20:105–112.
26. Soygur T, Kupeli B, Aydos K, Kupeli S, Arikan N, Muftuoglu YZ, et al. Effect of obesity on prostatic hyperplasia: its relation to sex steroid levels. Int Urol Nephrol. 1996. 28:55–59.
27. Daniell HW. Larger prostatic adenomas in obese men with no associated increase in obstructive uropathy. J Urol. 1993. 149:315–317.
28. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Chute CG, Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. Obesity and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am J Epidemiol. 1994. 140:989–1002.
29. Kim JH, Shin BS, Hong YS. The relating factors of metabolic syndrome to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Korean J Urol. 2005. 46:1046–1050.