1. Shin BS, Song JY, Chung BS, Choi KC. A clinical study of cases of syphilis referred to our dermatologic clinic (2002~2007): clinical presentation and changes in symptomatic stage. Korean J Dermatol. 2008; 46:1179–85.
2. Wöhrl S, Geusau A. Clinical update: syphilis in adults. Lancet. 2007; 369:1912–4.
Article
3. Biro L, Hill AC, Kuflik EG. Secondary syphilis with unusual clinical and laboratory findings. JAMA. 1968; 206:889–91.
Article
4. Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infectious Diseases Surveillance Yearbook. [Internet]. Cheongju: Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2011. [cited 2012 Nov 12]. Available:. http://www.cdc.go.kr.
5. Reginato AJ. Syphilitic arthritis and osteitis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1993; 19:379–98.
Article
6. Park KH, Lee MS, Hong IK, Sung JY, Choi SH, Park SO, et al. Bone involvement in secondary syphilis: a case report and systematic review of the literature. Sex Transm Dis. 2014; 41:532–7.
7. Ollé-Goig JE, Barrio JL, Gurgui M, Mildvan D. Bone invasion in secondary syphilis: case reports. Genitourin Med. 1988; 64:198–201.
8. Middleton S, Rowntree C, Rudge S. Bone pain as the presenting manifestation of secondary syphilis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1990; 49:641–2.
Article
9. Chung KY, Yoon J, Heo JH, Lee MG, Jang JW, Lee JB. Osteitis of the skull in secondary syphilis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994; 30:793–4.
Article
10. Thakore K, Viroslav A, Vansant J. Role of bone scintigraphy in the detection of periostitis in secondary syphilis. Clin Nucl Med. 1994; 19:536–41.
Article
11. Coyne K, Browne R, Anagnostopoulos C, Nwokolo N. Syphilitic periostitis in a newly diagnosed HIV-positive man. Int J STD AIDS. 2006; 17:421–3.
Article
12. Samarkos M, Giannopoulou C, Karantoni E, Papastamopoulos V, Baraboutis I, Skoutelis A. Syphilitic periostitis of the skull and ribs in a HIV positive patient. Sex Transm Infect. 2011; 87:44–5.
Article
13. Egan KM, Walters MC. Osseous and meningeal involvement in secondary syphilis. Dermatol Online J. 2012; 18:1.
Article
14. Toby M, Larbalestier N, Kulasegaram R, Teague A, Conway K, White J. Calvarial syphilis in an HIV-positive man. Int J STD AIDS. 2012; 23:365–6.
Article
15. Alraddadi B, Alrakawi S, Stone D. Thirty-two-year-old man with osteolytic skull lesion. Sex Transm Dis. 2013; 40:652.
Article
16. Boix V, Merino E, Reus S, Torrus D, Portilla J. Polyostotic osteitis in secondary syphilis in an HIV-infected patient. Sex Transm Dis. 2013; 40:645–6.
Article
17. Brown JR, Skarin AT. Clinical mimics of lymphoma. Oncologist. 2004; 9:406–16.
Article
18. Park SY, Kang JH, Roh JH, Huh HJ, Yeo JS, Kim do Y. Secondary syphilis presenting as a generalized lymphadenopathy: clinical mimicry of malignant lymphoma. Sex Transm Dis. 2013; 40:490–2.
19. Kim GH, Kim BU, Lee JH, Choi YH, Chae HB, Park SM, et al. Cholestatic hepatitis and thrombocytosis in a secondary syphilis patient. J Korean Med Sci. 2010; 25:1661–4.
Article
20. Sherlock S. The liver in secondary (early) syphilis. N Engl J Med. 1971; 284:1437–8.
Article
21. Tramont EC. Treponema pallidum. Mandel GL, Douglas RG, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases Vol. 2. 5th ed.Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone;2000. p. 2474–89.
22. Ozaki T, Takemoto K, Hosono H, Miyagawa K, Akimoto S, Nishimura N. Secondary syphilitic hepatitis in a fourteen-year-old male youth. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002; 21:439–41.
Article
23. Kim KY, Kim SH. Hematological aspects of congenital syphilis. Yonsei Med J. 1976; 17:142–50.
Article
24. Schlossberg D. Syphilitic hepatitis: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol. 1987; 82:552–3.
25. Young MF, Sanowski RA, Manne RA. Syphilitic hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1992; 15:174–6.
Article
26. Fehér J, Somogyi T, Timmer M, Józsa L. Early syphilitic hepatitis. Lancet. 1975; 2:896–9.
Article
27. Lo JO, Harrison RA, Hunter AJ. Syphilitic hepatitis resulting in fulminant hepatic failure requiring liver transplantation. J Infect. 2007; 54:e115–7.
Article
28. Tsai KY, Brenn T, Werchniak AE. Nodular presentation of secondary syphilis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007; 57(2 Suppl):S57–8.
Article
29. Battistella M, Le Cleach L, Lacert A, Perrin P. Extensive nodular secondary syphilis with prozone phenomenon. Arch Dermatol. 2008; 144:1078–9.
Article
30. Jang YH, Sim JH, Kim YC, Lee ES. Single nodular lesion on the scalp: a quiz. Diagnosis: nodular secondary syphilis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2011; 91:491–4.
31. David G, Perpoint T, Boibieux A, Pialat JB, Salord H, Devouassoux M, et al. Secondary pulmonary syphilis: report of a likely case and literature review. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 42:e11–5.
Article
32. Coleman DL, McPhee SJ, Ross TF, Naughton JL. Secondary syphilis with pulmonary involvement. West J Med. 1983; 138:875–8.
33. Zaharopoulos P, Wong J. Cytologic diagnosis of syphilitic pleuritis: a case report. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997; 16:35–8.
Article
34. Cholankeril JV, Greenberg AL, Matari HM, Reisner MR, Obuchowski A. Solitary pulmonary nodule in secondary syphilis. Clin Imaging. 1992; 16:125–8.
Article
35. Kim SJ, Lee JH, Lee ES, Kim IH, Park HJ, Shin C, et al. A case of secondary syphilis presenting as multiple pulmonary nodules. Korean J Intern Med. 2013; 28:231–5.
Article
36. Holland BA, Perrett LV, Mills CM. Meningovascular syphilis: CT and MR findings. Radiology. 1986; 158:439–42.
Article
37. Darwish BS, Fowler A, Ong M, Swaminothan A, Abraszko R. Intracranial syphilitic gumma resembling malignant brain tumour. J Clin Neurosci. 2008; 15:308–10.
Article
38. Lee CW, Lim MJ, Son D, Lee JS, Cheong MH, Park IS, et al. A case of cerebral gumma presenting as brain tumor in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patient. Yonsei Med J. 2009; 50:284–8.
Article
39. Pall HS, Williams AC, Stockley RA. Intracranial gumma presenting as a cerebral tumour. J R Soc Med. 1988; 81:603–4.
Article
40. Uemura K, Yamada T, Tsukada A, Enomoto T, Yoshii Y, Nose T. Cerebral gumma mimicking glioblastoma on magnetic resonance images–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1995; 35:462–6.
41. Yoon YK, Kim MJ, Chae YS, Kang SH. Cerebral syphilitic gumma mimicking a brain tumor in the relapse of secondary syphilis in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2013; 53:197–200.
Article
42. Skowron G, Wang X, Gupta E. Infectious syphilis: the return of the great imitator to Rhode Island. Med Health R I. 2012; 95:245–8.
43. Breznik V, Potočnik M, Miljković J. Papulonodular secondary syphilis in a 52-year-old non-HIV heterosexual patient. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2010; 19:27–30.
44. Moon HS, Park K, Lee JH, Son SJ. A nodular syphilid presenting as a pseudolymphoma: mimicking a cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 2009; 31:846–8.
Article
45. ul Bari A, Raza N. Secondary syphilis clinically mimicking pseudolymphoma of the face. Dermatol Online J. 2006; 12:20.
Article
46. Roett MA, Mayor MT, Uduhiri KA. Diagnosis and management of genital ulcers. Am Fam Physician. 2012; 85:254–62.
47. Jo J, Heo ST, Kim JW, Kim J, Yu JR. Secondary syphilis with nodular vasculitis mimicking Behçet's disease. Infect Chemother. 2013; 45:451–4.
Article