Infect Chemother.  2011 Apr;43(2):129-177. 10.3947/ic.2011.43.2.129.

Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Infections

Abstract

There are many various diseases in the cardiovascular infections, and we tried to make a diagnosis and treatment guideline for several diseases which can be experienced by physician at clinical setting. Infective endocarditis (native and prosthetic valve), myocarditis, pericarditis, suppurative thrombophlebitis, and infective endarteritis and mycotic aneurysm are included in this guideline.

Keyword

Infective endocarditis; Myocarditis; Pericarditis; Suppurative thrombophlebitis; Endarteritis; Mycotic aneurysm

MeSH Terms

Aneurysm, Infected
Cardiovascular Infections
Endarteritis
Endocarditis
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
Thrombophlebitis

Reference

1. Moreillon P, Que YA. Infective endocarditis. Lancet. 2004. 363:139–149.
Article
2. Tleyjeh IM, Abdel-Latif A, Rahbi H, Scott CG, Bailey KR, Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR, Baddour LM. A systematic review of polulation-based studies of infective endocarditis. Chest. 2007. 132:1025–1035.
Article
3. Park SH, Yoo TH, Yum JS, Choi YH, Lee CR, Chang GH, Song YG, Cho SY, Kim JM. Comparison of epidemiological and clinical characteristics of native valve endocarditis between 1979-1984 and 1991-1996. Korean J Infect Dis. 1998. 30:351–357.
4. Kim MK, Song JK, Kang DH, Lee JH, Cho YH, Park KH, Ko KH, Yoon YJ, Kim JJ, Park SW, Park SJ. Recent trends and clinical outcomes of infective endocarditis. Korean J Med. 2000. 58:28–38.
5. Fernández-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, Tornos P, Pigrau C, Sambola A, Igual A, Pahissa A. Contemporary epidemiology and prognosis of health care-associated infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008. 47:1287–1297.
Article
6. Benito N, Miró JM, de Lazzari E, Cabell CH, del Río A, Altclas J, Commerford P, Delahaye F, Dragulescu S, Giamarellou H, Habib G, Kamarulzaman A, Kumar AS, Nacinovich FM, Suter F, Tribouilloy C, Venugopal K, Moreno A, Fowler VG Jr. ICE-PCS (International Collaboration on Endocarditis Prospective Cohort Study) Investigators. Health care-associated native valve endocarditis: importance of non-nosocomial acquisition. Ann Intern Med. 2009. 150:586–594.
Article
7. Fefer P, Raveh D, Rudensky B, Schlesinger Y, Yinnon AM. Changing epidemiology of infective endocarditis: a retrospective survey of 108 cases, 1990-1999. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002. 21:432–437.
Article
8. Hill EE, Herijgers P, Claus P, Vanderschueren S, Herregods MC, Peetermans WE. Infective endocarditis: changing epidemiology and predictors of 6-month mortality: a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2007. 28:196–203.
Article
9. Hoen B, Alla F, Selton-Suty C, Béguinot I, Bouvet A, Briançon S, Casalta JP, Danchin N, Delahaye F, Etienne J, Le Moing V, Leport C, Mainardi JL, Ruimy R, Vandenesch F. Association pour l'Etude et la Prévention de l'Endocardite Infectieuse (AEPEI) Study Group. Changing profile of infective endocarditis: results of a 1-year survey in France. JAMA. 2002. 288:75–81.
10. Yi MZ, Lee SH, Park CB, Kim SD, Kang SJ, Song JM, Kang DH, Choi SH, Kim NJ, Kim YS, Song JK. Clinical characteristics of nosocomial infective endocarditis in a tertiary referral hospital. Korean Circ J. 2006. 36:236–241.
Article
11. Park CB, Kim JJ, Song JK, Choi KJ, Yi MJ, Lee SW, Kim YH. Right-sided infective endocarditis in Korea. Korean Circ J. 2005. 35:633–638.
Article
12. Paek SY, Lee DY, Oh MK, Cheong SS. Infective endocarditis not easily diagnosed in primary care. J Korean Acad Fam Med. 2008. 29:431–437.
13. Karth GD, Koreny M, Binder T, Knapp S, Zauner C, Valentin A, Honninger R, Heinz G, Siostrzonek P. Complicated infective endocarditis necessitating ICU admission: clinical course and prognosis. Crit Care. 2002. 6:149–154.
14. Rivas P, Alonso J, Moya J, de Górgolas M, Martinell J, Fernández Guerrero ML. The impact of hospital-acquired infections on the microbial etiology and prognosis of late-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis. Chest. 2005. 128:764–771.
Article
15. Letaief A, Boughzala E, Kaabia N, Ernez S, Abid F, Ben Chaabane T, Ben Jemaa M, Boujnah R, Chakroun M, Daoud M, Gaha R, Kafsi N, Khalfallah A, Slimane L, Zaouali M. Epidemiology of infective endocarditis in Tunisia: a 10-year multicenter retrospective study. Int J Infect Dis. 2007. 11:430–433.
Article
16. Nkomo VT. Epidemiology and prevention of valvular heart diseases and infective endocarditis in Africa. Heart. 2007. 93:1510–1519.
Article
17. Garg N, Kandpal B, Garg N, Tewari S, Kapoor A, Goel P, Sinha N. Characteristics of infective endocarditis in a developing country-clinical profile and outcome in 192 Indian patients, 1992-2001. Int J Cardiol. 2005. 98:253–260.
Article
18. Seo SW, Kim TH, Hyon MS, Choo EJ, Jeon MH, Moon C, Song D, Kim JH, Lee YG, Choi JH, Jeon W, Jo YS, Choi MH. Characteristics of infective endocarditis in 4 university hospitals where Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism. Infect Chemother. 2008. 40:316–322.
Article
19. Kim ES, Joo EJ, Ha YE, Wi YM, Cheong HS, Lee JS, Kang CI, Chung DR, Park SW, Park PW, Lee NY, Peck KR, Song JH. Clinical characteristics of infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus: A 12-year experience in a tertiary-care hospital. Korean J Med. 2009. 76:329–337.
20. Son JS, Ki HK, Oh WS, Peck KR, Lee NY, Park KH, Park PW, Song JH. Observation of clinical characteristics of infective endocarditis. Infect Chemother. 2005. 37:152–160.
21. Shin SY, Park YS, Choi JY, Cho CH, Park YS, Kim CO, Yoon HJ, Kim HY, Yum JS, Lee KS, Choi YH, Huh AJ, Hong SK, Song YG, Kim JM. Changing trends of infective endocarditis according to the change in health care system in Korea. Korean J Med. 2005. 68:157–167.
22. Kim HW, Joo S, Kim HJ, Choo SJ, Song H, Lee JW, Chung CH. Active prosthetic valve endocarditis: the clinical profile, laboratory findings and mid-term surgical results. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009. 42:447–455.
23. Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P, Thuny F, Prendergast B, Vilacosta I, Moreillon P, de Jesus Antunes M, Thilen U, Lekakis J, Lengyel M, Müller L, Naber CK, Nihoyannopoulos P, Moritz A, Zamorano JL. ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and the International Society of Chemotherapy (ISC) for Infection and Cancer. Eur Heart J. 2009. 30:2369–2413.
24. Boleij A, Schaeps RM, Tjalsma H. Association between Streptococcus bovis and colon cancer. J Clin Microbiol. 2009. 47:516.
Article
25. Brouqui P, Raoult D. New insight into the diagnosis of fastidious bacterial endocarditis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2006. 47:1–13.
Article
26. Fournier PE, Mainardi JL, Raoult D. Value of microimmunofluorescence for diagnosis and follow-up of Bartonella endocarditis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2002. 9:795–801.
Article
27. Werner M, Fournier PE, Andersson R, Hogevik H, Raoult D. Bartonella and Coxiella antibodies in 334 prospectively studied episodes of infective endocarditis in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis. 2003. 35:724–727.
Article
28. Landais C, Fenollar F, Thuny F, Raoult D. From acute Q fever to endocarditis: serological follow-up strategy. Clin Infect Dis. 2007. 44:1337–1340.
Article
29. Kim JS, Kim YJ, Moon KS, Kim IW, Choi RK, Han CH, Goh CW, Lim DS, Park HS, Hong SK, Hwang HK. Clinical observation of infective endocarditis. Korean Circ J. 2000. 30:166–173.
Article
30. Prendergast BD. The changing face of infective endocarditis. Heart. 2006. 92:879–885.
Article
31. Cunha BA, Gill MV, Lazar JM. Acute infective endocarditis. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1996. 10:811–834.
32. Robert C, Faivre S, Raymond E, Armand JP, Escudier B. Subungual splinter hemorrhages: a clinical window to inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors? Ann Intern Med. 2005. 143:313–314.
Article
33. Park DW, Lee JH, Kang SJ, Song JM, Kang DH, Song JK, Joo SJ, Song H, Lee JW, Song MG. Clinical characteristics of subaortic complications in patients with infective endocarditis of the aortic valve. Korean Circ J. 2004. 34:883–893.
Article
34. Netzer RO, Zollinger E, Seiler C, Cerny A. Infective endocarditis: clinical spectrum, presentation and outcome. An analysis of 212 cases 1980-1995. Heart. 2000. 84:25–30.
Article
35. Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, Miró JM, Fowler VG Jr, Bayer AS, Karchmer AW, Olaison L, Pappas PA, Moreillon P, Chambers ST, Chu VH, Falcó V, Holland DJ, Jones P, Klein JL, Raymond NJ, Read KM, Tripodi MF, Utili R, Wang A, Woods CW, Cabell CH. International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS) Investigators. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009. 169:463–473.
Article
36. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG Jr, Bolger AF, Levison ME, Ferrieri P, Gerber MA, Tani LY, Gewitz MH, Tong DC, Steckelberg JM, Baltimore RS, Shulman ST, Burns JC, Falace DA, Newburger JW, Pallasch TJ, Takahashi M, Taubert KA. Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease. Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia. American Heart Association; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation. 2005. 111:e394–e434.
37. Alestig K, Hogevik H, Olaison L. Infective endocarditis: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the new millennium. Scand J Infect Dis. 2000. 32:343–356.
Article
38. Naber CK, Erbel R, Baddour LM, Horstkotte D. New guidelines for infective endocarditis: a call for collaborative research. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007. 29:615–616.
Article
39. Nishimura RA, Carabello BA, Faxon DP, Freed MD, Lytle BW, O'Gara PT, O'Rourke RA, Shah PM. ACC/AHA 2008 Guideline update on valvular heart disease: focused update on infective endocarditis: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008. 52:676–685.
Article
40. Towns ML, Reller LB. Diagnostic methods current best practices and guidelines for isolation of bacteria and fungi in infective endocarditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2002. 16:363–376.
41. Grace CJ, Lieberman J, Pierce K, Littenberg B. Usefulness of blood culture for hospitalized patients who are receiving antibiotic therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2001. 32:1651–1655.
Article
42. Baron EJ, Scott JD, Tompkins LS. Prolonged incubation and extensive subculturing do not increase recovery of clinically significant microorganisms from standard automated blood cultures. Clin Infect Dis. 2005. 41:1677–1680.
Article
43. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. CLSI document M47-A. Principles and Procedures for Blood Cultures; Approved Guideline. 2007. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
44. Petti CA, Bhally HS, Weinstein MP, Joho K, Wakefield T, Reller LB, Carroll KC. Utility of extended blood culture incubation for isolation of Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella organisms: a retrospective multicenter evaluation. J Clin Microbiol. 2006. 44:257–259.
Article
45. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. CLSI document M100-S20. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twentieth Informational Supplement. 2010. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
46. Hwang K, Shim H, An D, Kim MN. Retrospective study of species and susceptibility of viridans streptococci isolated from blood culture in a tertiary-care hospital. Korean J Clin Microbiol. 2010. 13:Suppl 1. S96.
47. Cockerill FR 3rd, Wilson JW, Vetter EA, Goodman KM, Torgerson CA, Harmsen WS, Schleck CD, Ilstrup DM, Washington JA 2nd, Wilson WR. Optimal testing parameters for blood cultures. Clin Infect Dis. 2004. 38:1724–1730.
Article
48. Lamas CC, Eykyn SJ. Blood culture negative endocarditis: analysis of 63 cases presenting over 25 years. Heart. 2003. 89:258–262.
Article
49. Fournier PE, Thuny F, Richet H, Lepidi H, Casalta JP, Arzouni JP, Maurin M, Célard M, Mainardi JL, Caus T, Collart F, Habib G, Raoult D. Comprehensive diagnostic strategy for blood culture-negative endocarditis: a prospective study of 819 new cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2010. 51:131–140.
Article
50. Werner M, Andersson R, Olaison L, Hogevik H. A clinical study of culture-negative endocarditis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003. 82:263–273.
Article
51. Houpikian P, Raoult D. Blood culture-negative endocarditis in a reference center: etiologic diagnosis of 348 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005. 84:162–173.
52. Naber CK, Erbel R. Infective endocarditis with negative blood cultures. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007. 30:suppl 1. S32–S36.
Article
53. Raoult D, Casalta JP, Richet H, Khan M, Bernit E, Rovery C, Branger S, Gouriet F, Imbert G, Bothello E, Collart F, Habib G. Contribution of systematic serological testing in diagnosis of infective endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol. 2005. 43:5238–5242.
Article
54. Houpikian P, Raoult D. Diagnostic methods current best practices and guidelines for identification of difficult-to-culture pathogens in infective endocarditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2002. 16:377–392.
55. Watkin RW, Lang S, Lambert PA, Littler WA, Elliott TS. The microbial diagnosis of infective endocarditis. J Infect. 2003. 47:1–11.
Article
56. Lisby G, Gutschik E, Durack DT. Molecular methods for diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2002. 16:393–412.
Article
57. Naber CK, Erbel R. Diagnosis of culture negative endocarditis: novel strategies to prove the suspect guilty. Heart. 2003. 89:241–243.
Article
58. Grijalva M, Horváth R, Dendis M, Erný J, Benedík J. Molecular diagnosis of culture negative infective endocarditis: clinical validation in a group of surgically treated patients. Heart. 2003. 89:263–268.
Article
59. Leung DY, Cranney GB, Hopkins AP, Walsh WF. Role of transoesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of aortic root abscess. Br Heart J. 1994. 72:175–181.
Article
60. Karalis DG, Bansal RC, Hauck AJ, Ross JJ Jr, Applegate PM, Jutzy KR, Mintz GS, Chandrasekaran K. Transesophageal echocardiographic recognition of subaortic complications in aortic valve endocarditis. Clinical and surgical implications. Circulation. 1992. 86:353–362.
Article
61. Chan KL. Early clinical course and long-term outcome of patients with infective endocarditis complicated by perivalvular abscess. CMAJ. 2002. 167:19–24.
62. Tingleff J, Egeblad H, Gøtzsche CO, Baandrup U, Kristensen BO, Pilegaard H, Pettersson G. Perivalvular cavities in endocarditis: abscesses versus pseudoaneurysms? A transesophageal Doppler echocardiographic study in 118 patients with endocarditis. Am Heart J. 1995. 130:93–100.
Article
63. Anguera I, Miro JM, Vilacosta I, Almirante B, Anguita M, Muñoz P, Roman JA, de Alarcon A, Ripoll T, Navas E, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Cabell CH, Sarria C, Garcia-Bolao I, Fariñas MC, Leta R, Rufi G, Miralles F, Pare C, Evangelista A, Fowler VG Jr, Mestres CA, de Lazzari E, Guma JR. Aorto-cavitary Fistula in Endocarditis Working Group. Aorto-cavitary fistulous tract formation in infective endocarditis: clinical and echocardiographic features of 76 cases and risk factors for mortality. Eur Heart J. 2005. 26:288–297.
Article
64. Habib G, Badano L, Tribouilloy C, Vilacosta I, Zamorano JL, Galderisi M, Voigt JU, Sicari R, Cosyns B, Fox K, Aakhus S. European Association of Echocardiography. Recommendations for the practice of echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010. 11:202–219.
Article
65. Sachdev M, Peterson GE, Jollis JG. Imaging techniques for diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2002. 16:319–337.
Article
66. Heidenreich PA, Masoudi FA, Maini B, Chou TM, Foster E, Schiller NB, Owens DK. Echocardiography in patients with suspected endocarditis: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Am J Med. 1999. 107:198–208.
Article
67. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, Beller GA, Bierman FZ, Davis JL, Douglas PS, Faxon DP, Gillam LD, Kimball TR, Kussmaul WG, Pearlman AS, Philbrick JT, Rakowski H, Thys DM. ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003. 42:954–970.
68. Harris KM, Li DY, L'Ecuyer P, Moon KE, German M, Fraser V, Barzilai B. The prospective role of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected infective endocarditis. Echocardiography. 2003. 20:57–62.
Article
69. Donal E, Abgueguen P, Coisne D, Gouello JP, McFadden EP, Allal J, Corbi P. Echocardiography features of Candida species endocarditis: 12 cases and a review of published reports. Heart. 2001. 86:179–182.
Article
70. Naqvi TZ, Boyatt J, Siegel RJ. Predictors of mortality in paravalvular abscess. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005. 18:1404–1408.
Article
71. Griffiths BE, Petch MC, English TA. Echocardiography detection of subvalvular aortic root aneurysm extending to mitral valve annulus as complication of aortic valve endocarditis. Br Heart J. 1982. 47:392–396.
Article
72. Thuny F, Di salvo G, Belliard O, Avierinos JF, Pergola V, Rosenberg V, Casalta JP, Gouvernet J, Derumeaux G, Iarussi D, Ambrosi P, Calabró R, Riberi A, Collart F, Metras D, Lepidi H, Raoult D, Harle JR, Weiller PJ, Cohen A, Habib G. Risk of embolism and death in infective endocarditis: prognostic value of echocardiography: a prospective multicenter study. Circulation. 2005. 112:69–75.
Article
73. Durante Mangoni E, Adinolfi LE, Tripodi MF, Andreana A, Gambardella M, Ragone E, Precone DF, Utili R, Ruggiero G. Risk factors for "major" embolic events in hospitalized patients with infective endocarditis. Am Heart J. 2003. 146:311–316.
Article
74. Hill EE, Herijgers P, Claus P, Vanderschueren S, Peetermans WE, Herregods MC. Clinical and echocardiographic risk factors for embolism and mortality in infective endocarditis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008. 27:1159–1164.
Article
75. Greaves K, Mou D, Patel A, Celermajer DS. Clinical criteria and the appropriate use of transthoracic echocardiography for the exclusion of infective endocarditis. Heart. 2003. 89:273–275.
Article
76. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC Jr, Faxon DP, Freed MD, Gaasch WH, Lytle BW, Nishimura RA, O'Gara PT, O'Rourke RA, Otto CM, Shah PM, Shanewise JS. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2008 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease). Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008. 52:e1–e142.
77. Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VG Jr, Ryan T, Bashore T, Corey GR. Proposed modifications to th Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000. 30:633–638.
Article
78. Sekeres MA, Abrutyn E, Berlin JA, Kaye D, Kinman JL, orzeniowski OM, Levison ME, Feldman RS, Strom BL. An assessment of the usefulness of the Duke criteria for diagnosing active infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 1997. 24:1185–1190.
Article
79. Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med. 1994. 96:200–209.
Article
80. Millar B, Moore J, Mallon P, Xu J, Crowe M, Mcclurg R, Raoult D, Earle J, Hone R, Murphy P. Molecular diagnosis of infective endocarditis-a new Duke's criterion. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001. 33:673–680.
Article
81. Kim BN, Kim YS. Comparison between the Duke Criteria versus the Von Reyn Criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis and the usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography. Korean J Infect Dis. 1997. 29:13–19.
82. Martínez E, Miró JM, Almirante B, Aguado JM, Fernandez-Viladrich P, Fernandez-Guerrero ML, Villanueva JL, Dronda F, Moreno-Torrico A, Montejo M, Llinares P, Gatell JM. Spanish Pneumococcal Endocarditis Study Group. Effect of penicillin resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae on the presentation, prognosis, and treatment of pneumococcal endocarditis in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2002. 35:130–139.
Article
83. Francioli P, Etienne J, Hoigné R, Thys JP, Gerber A. Treatment of streptococcal endocarditis with a single daily dose of ceftriaxone sodium for 4 weeks. Efficacy and outpatient treatment feasibility. JAMA. 1992. 267:264–267.
Article
84. Wilson WR. Ceftriaxone sodium therapy of penicillin G-susceptible streptococcal endocarditis. JAMA. 1992. 267:279–280.
Article
85. Francioli P, Ruch W, Stamboulian D. Treatment of streptococcal endocarditis with a single daily dose of ceftriaxone and netil-netilmicin for 14 days: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis. 1995. 21:1406–1410.
Article
86. Sexton DJ, Tenenbaum MJ, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM, Tice AD, Gilbert D, Dismukes W, Drew RH, Durack DT. Ceftriaxone once daily for four weeks compared with ceftriaxone plus gentamicin once daily for two weeks for treatment of endocarditis due to penicillin-susceptible streptococci. Endocarditis Treatment Consortium Group. Clin Infect Dis. 1998. 27:1470–1474.
Article
87. Elliott TS, Foweraker J, Gould FK, Perry JD, Sandoe JA. Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Guidelines for the antibiotic treatment of endocarditis in adults: report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004. 54:971–981.
Article
88. Westling K, Aufwerber E, Ekdahl C, Friman G, Gårdlund B, Julander I, Olaison L, Olesund C, Rundström H, Snygg-Martin U, Thalme A, Werner M, Hogevik H. Swedish guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2007. 39:929–946.
Article
89. Nicolau DP, Freeman CD, Belliveau PP, Nightingale CH, Ross JW, Quintiliani R. Experience with a once-daily aminoglycoside program administered to 2,184 adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995. 39:650–655.
Article
90. Cremieux AC, Maziere B, Vallois JM, Ottaviani M, Azancot A, Raffoul H, Bouvet A, Procidalo JJ, Carbon C. Evaluation of antibiotic diffusion into cardiac vegetations by quantitative autoradiography. J Infect Dis. 1989. 159:938–944.
Article
91. Wilson AP, Gaya H. Treatment of endocarditis with teicoplanin: a retrospective analysis of 104 cases. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996. 38:507–521.
Article
92. Venditti M, Tarasi A, Capone A, Galié M, Menichetti F, Martino P, Serra P. Teicoplanin in the treatment of enterococcal endocarditis: clinical and microbiological study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997. 40:449–452.
Article
93. Fujitani S, Rowlinson MC, George WL. Penicillin G-resistant viridans group streptococcal endocarditis and interpretation of the American Heart Association's guidelines for the treatment of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008. 46:1064–1066.
Article
94. Knoll B, Tleyjeh IM, Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR, Baddour LM. Infective endocarditis due to penicillin-resistant viridans group streptococci. Clin Infect Dis. 2007. 44:1585–1592.
Article
95. Buchholtz K, Larsen CT, Hassager C, Bruun NE. Severity of gentamicin's nephrotoxic effect on patients with infective endocarditis: a prospective observational cohort study of 373 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2009. 48:65–71.
Article
96. Ribera E, Gómez-Jimenez J, Cortes E, del Valle O, Planes A, Gonzalez-Alujas T, Almirante B, Ocaña I, Pahissa A. Effectiveness of cloxacillin with and without gentamicin in short-term therapy for right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996. 125:969–974.
Article
97. Ruotsalainen E, Järvinen A, Koivula I, Kauma H, Rintala E, Lumio J, Kotilainen P, Vaara M, Nikoskelainen J, Valtonen V. Finlevo Study Group. Levofloxacin does not decrease mortality in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia when added to the standard treatment: a prospective and randomized clinical trial of 381 patients. J Intern Med. 2006. 259:179–190.
Article
98. Fortún J, Navas E, Martínez-Beltrán J, Pérez-Molina J, Martín-Dávila P, Guerrero A, Moreno S. Short-course therapy for rightside endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus in drug abusers: cloxacillin versus glycopeptides in combination with gentamicin. Clin Infect Dis. 2001. 33:120–125.
Article
99. Korzeniowski O, Sande MA. Combination antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in patients addicted to parenteral drugs and in nonaddicts: A prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 1982. 97:496–503.
Article
100. Cosgrove SE, Vigliani GA, Fowler VG Jr, Abrutyn E, Corey GR, Levine DP, Rupp ME, Chambers HF, Karchmer AW, Boucher HW. Initial low-dose gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic. Clin Infect Dis. 2009. 48:713–721.
Article
101. Falagas ME, Matthaiou DK, Bliziotis IA. The role of aminoglycosides in combination with a beta-lactam for the treatment of bacterial endocarditis: a meta-analysis of comparative trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006. 57:639–647.
Article
102. Yung D, Kottachchi D, Neupane B, Haider S, Loeb M. Antimicrobials for right-sided endocarditis in intravenous drug users: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007. 60:921–928.
Article
103. Graham JC, Gould FK. Role of aminoglycosides in the treatment of bacterial endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002. 49:437–444.
Article
104. Perry JD, Jones AL, Gould FK. Glycopeptide tolerance in bacterial causing endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999. 44:121–124.
105. Park PG, Kang SJ, Park KH, Jung YS, Jung SI, Shin JH, Ko KS. A case of tricuspid valve endocarditis with septic pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a healthy woman. Korean J Med. 2009. 76:Suppl 1. S199–S203.
106. Yoon HJ, Choi JY, Kim CO, Kim JM, Song YG. A comparison of clinical features and mortality among methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Yonsei Med J. 2005. 46:496–502.
Article
107. Falagas ME, Manta KG, Ntziora F, Vardakas KZ. Linezolid for the treatment of patients with endocarditis: a systematic review of the published evidence. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006. 58:273–280.
Article
108. Muñoz P, Rodríguez-Creixéms M, Moreno M, Marín M, Ramallo V, Bouza E. GAME Study Group. Linezolid therapy for infective endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007. 13:211–215.
109. Lee DG, Chun HS, Yim DS, Choi SM, Choi JH, Yoo JH, Shin WS, Kang MW. Efficacy of vancomycin, arbekacin, and gentamicin alone or in combination against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in in vitro infective endocarditis model. Infect Chemother. 2003. 35:145–153.
110. Cho CH, Choi JY, Han SH, Lee HS, Choi SH, Chin BS, Choi HK, Jeoung SJ, Kim MS, Kim CO, Kim CK, Yong D, Song YG, Lee K, Kim JM. Efficacy of the arbekacin and teicoplanin combination on glycopeptide intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a rabbit model of endocarditis. Infect Chemother. 2008. 40:102–106.
Article
111. Perlroth J, Kuo M, Tan J, Bayer AS, Miller LG. Adjunctive use of rifampin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 2008. 168:805–819.
Article
112. Svetitsky S, Leibovici L, Paul M. Comparative efficacy and safety of vancomycin versus teicoplanin: systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009. 53:4069–4079.
Article
113. Fowler VG Jr, Boucher HW, Corey GR, Abrutyn E, Karchmer AW, Rupp ME, Levine DP, Chambers HF, Tally FP, Vigliani GA, Cabell CH, Link AS, DeMeyer I, Filler SG, Zervos M, Cook P, Parsonnet J, Bernstein JM, Price CS, Forrest GN, Fätkenheuer G, Gareca M, Rehm SJ, Brodt HR, Tice A, Cosgrove SE. S. aureus Endocarditis and Bacteremia Study Group. Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2006. 355:653–665.
Article
114. Rehm SJ, Boucher H, Levine D, Campion M, Eisenstein BI, Vigliani GA, Corey GR, Abrutyn E. Daptomycin versus vancomycin plus gentamicin for treatment of bacteraemia and endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus: subset analysis of patients infected with methicillin-resistant isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008. 62:1413–1421.
Article
115. Falagas ME, Giannopoulou KP, Ntziora F, Vardakas KZ. Daptomycin for endocarditis and/or bacteraemia: a systematic review of the experimental and clinical evidence. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007. 60:7–19.
Article
116. Fernández Guerrero ML, Goyenechea A, Verdejo C, Fernandez Roblas R, de Górgolas M. Enterococcal endocarditis on native and prosthetic valves: a review of clinical and prognostic factors with emphasis on hospital-acquired infections as a major determinant of outcome. Medicine (Baltimore). 2007. 86:363–377.
117. Anderson DJ, Murdoch DR, Sexton DJ, Reller LB, Stout JE, Cabell CH, Corey GR. Risk factors for infective endocarditis in patients with enterococcal bacteremia: a case-control study. Infection. 2004. 32:72–77.
Article
118. Gavaldà J, Len O, Miró JM, Muñoz P, Montejo M, Alarcón A, de la Torre-Cisneros J, Peña C, Martínez-Lacasa X, Sarria C, Bou G, Aguado JM, Navas E, Romeu J, Marco F, Torres C, Tornos P, Planes A, Falcó V, Almirante B, Pahissa A. Brief communication: treatment of Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis with ampicillin plus ceftriaxone. Ann Intern Med. 2007. 146:574–579.
Article
119. McDonald JR, Olaison L, Anderson DJ, Hoen B, Miro JM, Eykyn S, Abrutyn E, Fowler VG Jr, Habib G, Selton-Suty C, Pappas PA, Cabell CH, Corey GR, Marco F, Sexton DJ. Enterococcal endocarditis: 107 cases from the international collaboration on endocarditis merged database. Am J Med. 2005. 118:759–766.
Article
120. Brandt CM, Rouse MS, Laue NW, Stratton CW, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM. Effective treatment of multidrug-resistant enterococcal experimental endocarditis with combinations of cell-wall active agents. J Infect Dis. 1996. 173:909–913.
Article
121. Gavaldà J, Torres C, Tenorio C, López P, Zaragoza M, Capdevila JA, Almirante B, Ruiz F, Borrell N, Gomis X, Pigrau C, Baquero F, Pahissa A. Efficacy of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone in treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis strains highly resistant to aminoglycosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999. 43:639–646.
Article
122. Join-Lambert O, Mainardi JL, Cuvelier C, Dautrey S, Farinotti R, Fantin B, Carbon C. Critical importance of in vivo amoxicillin and cefotaxime concentrations for synergy in treatment of experimental Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998. 42:468–470.
Article
123. Levine DP, Lamp KC. Daptomycin in the treatment of patients with infective endocarditis: experience from a registry. Am J Med. 2007. 120:10 Suppl 1. S28–S33.
Article
124. Das M, Badley AD, Cockerill FR, Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR. Infective endocarditis caused by HACEK microorganisms. Annu Rev Med. 1997. 48:25–33.
Article
125. Morpeth S, Murdoch D, Cabell CH, Karchmer AW, Pappas P, Levine D, Nacinovich F, Tattevin P, Fernández-Hidalgo N, Dickerman S, Bouza E, del Río A, Lejko-Zupanc T, de Oliveira Ramos A, Iarussi D, Klein J, Chirouze C, Bedimo R, Corey GR, Fowler VG Jr. International Collaboration on Endocarditis Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS) Investigators. Non-HACEK gram-negative bacillus endocarditis. Ann Intern Med. 2007. 147:829–835.
Article
126. Steinbach WJ, Perfect JR, Cabell CH, Fowler VG, Corey GR, Li JS, Zaas AK, Benjamin DK Jr. A meta-analysis of medical versus surgical therapy for Candida endocarditis. J Infect. 2005. 51:230–247.
Article
127. Cho JH, Park YS, Hong SK, Ko JS, Jang KH, Kim HY, Choi YH, Song YG, Park YH, Sul JH, Kim JM. Six cases of fungal endocarditis. Korean J Med. 2000. 59:203–207.
128. Nguyen MH, Nguyen ML, Yu VL, McMahon D, Keys TF, Amidi M. Candida prosthetic valve endocarditis: prospective study of six cases and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 1996. 22:262–267.
Article
129. Baddour LM. Infectious Diseases Society of America's Emerging Infections Network. Long-term suppressive antimicrobial therapy for intravascular device-related infections. Am J Med Sci. 2001. 322:209–212.
Article
130. Benjamin DK Jr, Miro JM, Hoen B, Steinbach WJ, Fowler VG Jr, Olaison L, Habib G, Abrutyn E, Perfect J, Zass A, Corey GR, Eykyn S, Thuny F, Jiménez-Expósito MJ, Cabell CH. ICE-MD Study Group. Candida endocarditis: contemporary cases from the International Collaboration of Infectious Endocarditis Merged Database (ICE-mD). Scand J Infect Dis. 2004. 36:453–455.
131. Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie (PEG; Paul-Ehrlich-Society for Chemotherapy). Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie, Herz- und Kreislaufforschung (DGK; German Society for Cardiology, Heart, and Circulatory Research. German guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007. 29:643–657.
132. Alsip SG, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW, Cobbs CG. Indications for cardiac surgery in patients with active infective endocarditis. Am J Med. 1985. 78:138–148.
Article
133. Olaison L, Pettersson G. Current best practices and guidelines indications for surgical intervention in infective endocarditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2002. 16:453–475.
134. San Román JA, López J, Revilla A, Vilacosta I, Tornos P, Almirante B, Mota P, Villacorta E, Sevilla T, Gómez I, Del Carmen Manzano M, Fulquet E, Rodríguez E, Igual A. Rationale, design, and methods for the early surgery in infective endocarditis study (ENDOVAL 1): a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial comparing the state-of-the-art therapeutic strategy versus early surgery strategy in infective endocarditis. Am Heart J. 2008. 156:431–436.
Article
135. Sexton DJ, Spelman D. Current best practices and guidelines. Assessment and management of complications in infective endocarditis. Cardiol Clin. 2003. 21:273–282.
136. Mills J, Utley J, Abbott J. Heart failure in infective endocarditis: predisposing factors, course, and treatment. Chest. 1974. 66:151–157.
Article
137. Hsu RB, Lin FY. hicillin resistance and risk factors for embolism in Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007. 28:860–866.
Article
138. Thuny F, Beurtheret S, Gariboldi V, Mancini J, Avierinos JF, Riberi A, Casalta JP, Gouriet F, Tafanelli L, Giorgi R, Collart F, Raoult D, Habib G. Outcome after surgical treatment performed within the first week of antimicrobial therapy during infective endocarditis: a prospective study. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2008. 101:687–695.
Article
139. Yamaguchi H, Eishi K. Surgical treatment of active infective mitral valve endocarditis. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007. 13:150–155.
140. Sung KI, Park PW. Short-term results of early surgery for active infective endocarditis. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002. 35:792–798.
141. Feringa HH, Shaw LJ, Poldermans D, Hoeks S, van der Wall EE, Dion RA, Bax JJ. Mitral valve repair and replacement in endocarditis: a systematic review of literature. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007. 83:564–570.
Article
142. Tleyjeh IM, Kashour T, Zimmerman V, Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR, Baddour LM. The role of valve surgery in infective endocarditis management: a systematic review of observational studies that included prospensity score analysis. Am Heart J. 2008. 156:901–909.
Article
143. Gottardi R, Bialy J, Devyatko E, Tschernich H, Czerny M, Wolner E, Seitelberger R. Midterm follow-up of tricuspid valve reconstruction due to active infective endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007. 84:1943–1948.
Article
144. Coutinho GF, Pancas R, Antunes PE, Antunes MJ. Long-term follow-up of elderly patients subjected to aortic valve replacement with mechanical prostheses. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009. 9:576–581.
Article
145. Revilla A, López J, Vilacosta I, Villacorta E, Rollán MJ, Echevarría JR, Carrascal Y, Di Stefano S, Fulquet E, Rodríguez E, Fiz L, San Román JA. Clinical and prognostic profile of patients with infective endocarditis who need urgent surgery. Eur Heart J. 2007. 28:65–71.
Article
146. Hill EE, Vanderschueren S, Verhaegen J, Herijgers P, Claus P, Herregods MC, Peetermans WE. Risk factors for infective endocarditis and outcome of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007. 82:1165–1169.
Article
147. Renzulli A, Carozza A, Marra C, Romano G, Ismeno G, De Feo M, Della Corte A, Cotrufo M. Are blood and valve cultures predictive for long-term outcome following surgery for infective endocarditis? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2000. 17:228–233.
Article
148. Muñoz P, Bouza E, Marín M, Alcalá L, Rodríguez Créixems M, Valerio M, Pinto A. Group for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the Gregorio Marañón Hospital. Heart valves should not be routinely cultured. J Clin Microbiol. 2008. 46:2897–2901.
149. Tunkel AR, Kaye D. Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis. Neurol Clin. 1993. 11:419–440.
Article
150. Wallace SM, Walton BI, Kharbanda RK, Hardy R, Wilson AP, Swanton RH. Mortality from infective endocarditis: clinical predictors of outcome. Heart. 2002. 88:53–60.
Article
151. Chu VH, Cabell CH, Benjamin DK Jr, Kuniholm EF, Fowler VG Jr, Engemann J, Sexton DJ, Corey GR, Wang A. Early predictors of in-hospital death in infective endocarditis. Circulation. 2004. 109:1745–1749.
Article
152. Kim SH, Koo J, Yoon BW. Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis: retrospective review of 100 cases. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 2001. 19:202–206.
153. Deprèle C, Berthelot P, Lemetayer F, Comtet C, Fresard A, Cazorla C, Fascia P, Cathébras P, Chaumentin G, Convert G, Isaaz K, Barral X, Lucht F. Risk factors for systemic emboli in infective endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004. 10:46–53.
Article
154. Delahaye F, Alla F, Béguinot I, Bruneval P, Doco-Lecompte T, Lacassin F, Selton-Suty C, Vandenesch F, Vernet V, Hoen B. AEPEI Group. In-hospital mortality of infective endocarditis: prognostic factors and evolution over an 8-year period. Scand J Infect Dis. 2007. 39:849–857.
Article
155. Thuny F, Avierinos JF, Tribouilloy C, Giorgi R, Casalta JP, Milandre L, Brahim A, Nadji G, Riberi A, Collart F, Renard S, Raoult D, Habib G. Impact of cerebrovascular complications on mortality and neurologic outcome during infective endocarditis: a prospective multicentre study. Eur Heart J. 2007. 28:1155–1161.
Article
156. Eishi K, Kawazoe K, Kuriyama Y, Kitoh Y, Kawashima Y, Omae T. Surgical management of infective endocarditis associated with cerebral complications. Multicenter retrospective study in Japan. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995. 110:1745–1755.
Article
157. Gillinov AM, Shah RV, Curtis WE, Stuart RS, Cameron DE, Baumgartner WA, Greene PS. Valve replacement in patients with endocarditis and acute neurologic deficit. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996. 61:1125–1129.
Article
158. Jault F, Gandjbakhch I, Rama A, Nectoux M, Bors V, Vaissier E, Nataf P, Pavie A, Cabrol C. Active native valve endocarditis: determinants of operative death and late mortality. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997. 63:1737–1741.
Article
159. Piper C, Wiemer M, Schulte HD, Horstkotte D. Stroke is not a contraindication for urgent valve replacement in acute infective endocarditis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2001. 10:703–711.
160. Ruttmann E, Willeit J, Ulmer H, Chevtchik O, Höfer D, Poewe W, Laufer G, Müller LC. Neurological outcome of septic cardioembolic stroke after infective endocarditis. Stroke. 2006. 37:2094–2099.
Article
161. Chan KL, Dumesnil JG, Cujec B, Sanfilippo AJ, Jue J, Turek MA, Robinson TI, Moher D. Investigators of the Multicenter Aspirin Study in Infective Endocarditis. A randomized trial of aspirin on the risk of embolic events in patients with infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003. 42:775–780.
Article
162. Duval X, Iung B, Klein I, Brochet E, Thabut G, Arnoult F, Lepage L, Laissy JP, Wolff M, Leport C. IMAGE (Resonance Magnetic Imaging at the Acute Phase of Endocarditis) Study Group. Effect of early cerebral magnetic resonance imaging on clinical decisions in infective endocarditis: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 2010. 152:497–504.
Article
163. Mayosi BM. Interventions for treating tuberculous pericarditis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. (4):CD000526.
Article
164. Huston J 3rd, Nichols DA, Luetmer PH, Goodwin JT, Meyer FB, Wiebers DO, Weaver AL. Blinded prospective evaluation of sensitivity of MR angiography to known intracranial aneurysms: importance of aneurysm size. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994. 15:1607–1614.
165. White PM, Teasdale EM, Wardlaw JM, Easton V. Intracranial aneurysms: CT angiography and MR angiography for detection prospective blinded comparison in a large patient cohort. Radiology. 2001. 219:739–749.
Article
166. Bayer AS, Bolger AF, Taubert KA, Wilson W, Steckelberg J, Karchmer AW, Levison M, Chambers HF, Dajani AS, Gewitz MH, Newburger JW, Gerber MA, Shulman ST, Pallasch TJ, Gage TW, Ferrieri P. Diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis and its complications. Circulation. 1998. 98:2936–2948.
Article
167. Mansur AJ, Dal Bó CM, Fukushima JT, Issa VS, Grinberg M, Pomerantzeff PM. Relapses, recurrences, valve replacements, and mortality during the long-term follow-up after infective endocarditis. Am Heart J. 2001. 141:78–86.
Article
168. Takkenberg JJ, Klieverik LM, Bekkers JA, Kappetein AP, Roos JW, Eijkemans MJ, Bogers AJ. Allografts for aortic valve or root replacement: insights from an 18-year single-center prospective follow-up study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007. 31:851–859.
Article
169. Martínez-Sellés M, Muñoz P, Estevez A, del Castillo R, García-Fernández MA, Rodríguez-Créixems M, Moreno M, Bouza E. GAME Study Group. Long-term outcome of infective endocarditis in non-intravenous drug users. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008. 83:1213–1217.
Article
170. Olaison L, Hogevik H, Alestig K. Fever, C-reactive protein, and other acute-phase reactants during treatment of infective endocarditis. Arch Intern Med. 1997. 157:885–892.
Article
171. Abramczuk E, Hryniewiecki T, Stepińska J. Influence of pathogenetic factors on prognosis in patients with native valve infective endocarditis. Kardiol Pol. 2006. 64:675–681.
172. Yie KS, Na CY, Oh SS, Kim JH, Shin SH, Kim JH, Kim SC. Short term and midterm surgical results for infective endocarditis: Does wide debridement and reconstruction affect the post operative mortality and morbidity? Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007. 40:341–350.
173. Ahn BH, Chun JK, Yu U, Ryu SW, Choi YS, Kim BP, Hong SB, Bum MS, Na KJ, Park JC, Kim SH. Early and mid-term results of operation for infective endocarditis on mitral valve. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004. 37:27–34.
174. Verhagen DW, Hermanides J, Korevaar JC, Bossuyt PM, van den Brink RB, Speelman P, van der Meer JT. Prognostic value of serial C-reactive protein measurements in left-sided native valve endocarditis. Arch Intern Med. 2008. 168:302–307.
Article
175. Sidhu P, O'Kane H, Ali N, Gladstone DJ, Sarsam MA, Campalani G, MacGowan SW. Mechanical or bioprosthetic valves in the elderly: a 20-year comparison. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001. 71:5 Suppl. S257–S260.
Article
176. Varstela E. Personal follow-up of 100 aortic valve replacement patients for 1081 patient years. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1998. 87:205–212.
177. Akowuah EF, Davies W, Oliver S, Stephens J, Riaz I, Zadik P, Cooper G. Prosthetic valve endocarditis: early and late outcome following medical or surgical treatment. Heart. 2003. 89:269–272.
Article
178. Rutledge R, Kim BJ, Applebaum RE. Actuarial analysis of the risk of prosthetic valve endocarditis in 1,598 patients with mechanical and bioprosthetic valves. Arch Surg. 1985. 120:469–472.
Article
179. Habib G, Tribouilloy C, Thuny F, Giorgi R, Brahim A, Amazouz M, Remadi JP, Nadji G, Casalta JP, Coviaux F, Avierinos JF, Lescure X, Riberi A, Weiller PJ, Metras D, Raoult D. Prosthetic valve endocarditis: who needs surgery? A multicentre study of 104 cases. Heart. 2005. 91:954–959.
Article
180. Wang A, Athan E, Pappas PA, Fowler VG Jr, Olaison L, Paré C, Almirante B, Muñoz P, Rizzi M, Naber C, Logar M, Tattevin P, Iarussi DL, Selton-Suty C, Jones SB, Casabé J, Morris A, Corey GR, Cabell CH. International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study Investigators. Contemporary clinical profile and outcome of prosthetic valve endocarditis. JAMA. 2007. 297:1354–1361.
Article
181. Oz BS, Iyem H, Akay HT, Bolcal C, Yokusoglu M, Kuralay E, Demirkilic U, Tatar H. Risk factors for short- and long-term survival in patients undergoing re-replacement due to prosthetic valve dysfunction. Heart Vessels. 2006. 21:339–343.
Article
182. Fariñas MC, Pérez-Vázquez A, Fariñas-Alvarez C, García-Palomo JD, Bernal JM, Revuelta JM, González-Macías J. Risk factors of prosthetic valve endocarditis: a case-control study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006. 81:1284–1290.
Article
183. Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW. Death and other time-related events after valve replacement. Circulation. 1985. 72:753–767.
Article
184. Horstkotte D, Follath F, Gutschik E, Lengyel M, Oto A, Pavie A, Soler-Soler J, Thiene G, von Graevenitz A, Priori SG, Garcia MA, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Cowie M, Dean V, Deckers J, Fernández Burgos E, Lekakis J, Lindahl B, Mazzotta G, Morais J, Oto A, Smiseth OA, Lekakis J, Vahanian A, Delahaye F, Parkhomenko A, Filipatos G, Aldershvile J, Vardas P. Task Force Members on Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology. ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). Document Reviewers. Guidelines on prevention, d iagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis executive summary; the task force on infective endocarditis of the European society of cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2004. 25:267–276.
Article
185. López J, Revilla A, Vilacosta I, Villacorta E, González-Juanatey C, Gómez I, Rollán MJ, San Román JA. Definition, clinical profile, microbiological spectrum, and prognostic factors of early-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2007. 28:760–765.
Article
186. Fowler VG Jr, Miro JM, Hoen B, Cabell CH, Abrutyn E, Rubinstein E, Corey GR, Spelman D, Bradley SF, Barsic B, Pappas PA, Anstrom KJ, Wray D, Fortes CQ, Anguera I, Athan E, Jones P, van der, Elliott TS, Levine DP, Bayer AS. ICE Investigators. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress. JAMA. 2005. 293:3012–3021.
187. Hwang SH, Kim JM, Lee SW, Shim WH, Cho SY, Lee WK. A clinical study of the prosthetic valve endocarditis. Korean J Intern Med. 1990. 38:293–303.
188. Anguera I, Miro JM, San Roman JA, de Alarcon A, Anguita M, Almirante B, Evangelista A, Cabell CH, Vilacosta I, Ripoll T, Muñoz P, Navas E, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Sarria C, Garcia-Bolao I, Fariñas MC, Rufi G, Miralles F, Pare C, Fowler VG Jr, Mestres CA, de Lazzari E, Guma JR, del Río A, Corey GR. Aorto-Cavitary Fistula in Endocarditis Working Group. Periannular complications in infective endocarditis involving prosthetic aortic valves. Am J Cardiol. 2006. 98:1261–1268.
Article
189. Anguera I, del Río A, Moreno A, Paré C, Mestres CA, Miró JM. Complications of native and prosthetic valve infective endocarditis: update in 2006. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2006. 8:280–288.
Article
190. Snygg-Martin U, Gustafsson L, Rosengren L, Alsiö A, Ackerholm P, Andersson R, Olaison L. Cerebrovascular complications in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis are common: a prospective study using magnetic resonance imaging and neurochemical brain damage markers. Clin Infect Dis. 2008. 47:23–30.
Article
191. Mahesh B, Angelini G, Caputo M, Jin XY, Bryan A. Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005. 80:1151–1158.
Article
192. Habib G, Derumeaux G, Avierinos JF, Casalta JP, Jamal F, Volot F, Garcia M, Lefevre J, Biou F, Maximovitch-Rodaminoff A, Fournier PE, Ambrosi P, Velut JG, Cribier A, Harle JR, Weiller PJ, Raoult D, Luccioni R. Value and limitations of the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999. 33:2023–2029.
Article
193. Habib G. Management of infective endocarditis. Heart. 2006. 92:124–130.
Article
194. Daniel WG, Mügge A, Grote J, Hausmann D, Nikutta P, Laas J, Lichtlen PR, Martin RP. Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography for detection of abnormalities of prosthetic and bioprosthetic valves in the mitral and aortic positions. Am J Cardiol. 1993. 71:210–215.
Article
195. Lamas CC, Eykyn SJ. Suggested modifications to the Duke criteria for the clinical diagnosis of native valve and prosthetic valve endocarditis: analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases. Clin Infect Dis. 1997. 25:713–719.
Article
196. Pérez-Vázquez A, Fariñas MC, García-Palomo JD, Bernal JM, Revuelta JM, González-Macías J. Evaluation of the Duke criteria in 93 episodes of prosthetic valve endocarditis: could sensitivity be improved? Arch Intern Med. 2000. 160:1185–1191.
Article
197. Murashita T, Sugiki H, Kamikubo Y, Yasuda K. Surgical results for active endocarditis with prosthetic valve replacement: impact of culture-negative endocarditis on early and late outcomes. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004. 26:1104–1111.
Article
198. Kotilainen P, Heiro M, Jalava J, Rantakokko V, Nikoskelainen J, Nikkari S, Rantakokko-Jalava K. Aetiological diagnosis of infective endocarditis by direct amplification of rRNA genes from surgically removed valve tissue. An 11-year experience in a Finnish teaching hospital. Ann Med. 2006. 38:263–273.
Article
199. Chuard C, Herrmann M, Vaudaux P, Waldvogel FA, Lew DP. Successful therapy of experimental chronic foreign-body infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by antimicrobial combinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991. 35:2611–2616.
Article
200. Castillo JC, Anguita MP, Torres F, Mesa D, Franco M, González E, Muñoz I, Vallés F. Long-term prognosis of early and late prosthetic valve endocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 2004. 93:1185–1187.
Article
201. Nottin R, Al-Attar N, Ramadan R, Azmoun A, Therasse A, Kortas C, Ly M, Bouchachi A, Bourachot-Montantême ML. Aortic valve translocation for severe prosthetic valve endocarditis: early results and long-term follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005. 79:1486–1490.
Article
202. Chirouze C, Cabell CH, Fowler VG Jr, Khayat N, Olaison L, Miro JM, Habib G, Abrutyn E, Eykyn S, Corey GR, Selton-Suty C, Hoen B. International Collaboration on Endocarditis Study Group. Prognostic factors in 61 cases of Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic valve infective endocarditis from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis merged database. Clin Infect Dis. 2004. 38:1323–1327.
Article
203. Baddley JW, Benjamin DK Jr, Patel M, Miró J, Athan E, Barsic B, Bouza E, Clara L, Elliott T, Kanafani Z, Klein J, Lerakis S, Levine D, Spelman D, Rubinstein E, Tornos P, Morris AJ, Pappas P, Fowler VG Jr, Chu VH, Cabell C. International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study Group (ICE-PCS). Candida infective endocarditis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008. 27:519–529.
204. Anderson DJ, Olaison L, McDonald JR, Miro JM, Hoen B, Selton-Suty C, Doco-Lecompte T, Abrutyn E, Habib G, Eykyn S, Pappas PA, Fowler VG, Sexton DJ, Almela M, Corey GR, Cabell CH. Enterococcal prosthetic valve infective endocarditis: report of 45 episodes from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-merged database. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005. 24:665–670.
Article
205. Abramczuk E, Hryniewiecki T, Stepińska J. Effects of pathogenic factors on prognosis in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis. Kardiol Pol. 2007. 65:115–122.
206. Moller JH, Anderson RC. 1,000 consecutive children with a cardiac malformation with 26- to 37-year follow-up. Am J Cardiol. 1992. 70:661–667.
Article
207. Niwa K, Nakazawa M, Tateno S, Yoshinaga M, Terai M. Infective endocarditis in congenital heart disease: Japanese national collaboration study. Heart. 2005. 91:795–800.
Article
208. Baek JS, Bang JS, Bae EJ, Noh CI, Lee HJ, Choi JY, Yoon YS, Sohn DW, Oh BH. Current characteristics of infective endocarditis with congenital heart disease: a retrospective survey of 121 cases between 1985 and 2006. Korean Circ J. 2007. 37:635–640.
Article
209. Kim SH, Huh J, Kang IS, Lee HJ, Yang JH, Jun TG, Park PW. Infective endocarditis in adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease. Korean Circ J. 2006. 36:318–323.
Article
210. Yoshinaga M, Niwa K, Niwa A, Ishiwada N, Takahashi H, Echigo S, Nakazawa M. Japanese Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality during infective endocarditis in patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2008. 101:114–118.
Article
211. Gabriel HM, Heger M, Innerhofer P, Zehetgruber M, Mundigler G, Wimmer M, Maurer G, Baumgartner H. Long-term outcome of patients with ventricular septal defect considered not to require surgical closure during childhood. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002. 39:1066–1071.
Article
212. Di Filippo S, Delahaye F, Semiond B, Celard M, Henaine R, Ninet J, Sassolas F, Bozio A. Current patterns of infective endocarditis in congenital heart disease. Heart. 2006. 92:1490–1495.
Article
213. Di Salvo G, Thuny F, Rosenberg V, Pergola V, Belliard O, Derumeaux G, Cohen A, Iarussi D, Giorgi R, Casalta JP, Caso P, Habib G. Endocarditis in the elderly: clinical, echocardiographic, and prognostic features. Eur Heart J. 2003. 24:1576–1583.
Article
214. Dhawan VK. Infective endocarditis in elderly patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2002. 34:806–812.
Article
215. Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, Gottdiener JS, Scott CG, Enriquez-Sarano M. Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study. Lancet. 2006. 368:1005–1011.
Article
216. Durante-Mangoni E, Bradley S, Selton-Suty C, Tripodi MF, Barsic B, Bouza E, Cabell CH, Ramos AI, Fowler V Jr, Hoen B, Koneçny P, Moreno A, Murdoch D, Pappas P, Sexton DJ, Spelman D, Tattevin P, Miró JM, van der Meer JT, Utili R. International Collaboration on Endocarditis Prospective Cohort Study Group. Current features of infective endocarditis in elderly patients: results of the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2008. 168:2095–2103.
Article
217. Na SH, Kim CH, Oh MD, Cho YS. Infective endocarditis in the elderly patients. J Korean Geriatr Soc. 2003. 7:37–46.
218. Terpenning MS, Buggy BP, Kauffman CA. Infective endocarditis: clinical features in young and elderly patient. Am J Med. 1987. 83:626–634.
219. Pérez de Isla L, Zamorano J, Lennie V, Vázquez J, Ribera JM, Macaya C. Negative blood culture infective endocarditis in the elderly: long-term follow up. Gerontology. 2007. 53:245–249.
Article
220. Zamorano J, Sanz J, Moreno R, Almería C, Rodrigo JL, de Marco E, Serra V, Samedi M, Sánchez-Harguindey L. Better prognosis of elderly patients with infectious endocarditis in the era of routine echocardiography and nonrestrictive indications for valve surgery. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2002. 15:702–707.
Article
221. Ward H, Hickman RC. Bacterial endocarditis in pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1971. 11:189–191.
Article
222. Campuzano K, Roqué H, Bolnick A, Leo MV, Campbell WA. Bacterial endocarditis complicating pregnancy: case report and systematic review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2003. 268:251–255.
Article
223. Di Salvo G, Habib G, Pergola V, Avierinos JF, Philip E, Casalta JP, Vailloud JM, Derumeaux G, Gouvernet J, Ambrosi P, Lambert M, Ferracci A, Raoult D, Luccioni R. Echocardiography predicts embolic events in infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001. 37:1069–1076.
Article
224. Hecht SR, Berger M. Right-sided endocarditis in intravenous drug users. Prognostic features in 102 episodes. Ann Intern Med. 1992. 117:560–566.
225. De Santo LS, Romano G, Della Corte A, Tizzano F, Petraio A, Amarelli C, De Feo M, Dialetto G, Scardone M, Cotrufo M. Mitral mechanical replacement in young rheumatic women: analysis of long-term survival, valve-related complications, and pregnancy outcomes over a 3707-patient-year follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005. 130:13–19.
Article
226. Sherman-Weber S, Axelrod P, Suh B, Rubin S, Beltramo D, Manacchio J, Furukawa S, Weber T, Eisen H, Samuel R. Infective endocarditis following orthotopic heart transplantation: 10 cases and a review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis. 2004. 6:165–170.
Article
227. Kuruvilla J, Forrest DL, Lavoie JC, Nantel SH, Shepherd JD, Song KW, Sutherland HJ, Toze CL, Hogge DE, Nevill TJ. Characteristics and outcome of patients developing endocarditis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004. 34:969–973.
Article
228. McCarthy JT, Steckelberg JM. Infective endocarditis in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000. 75:1008–1014.
Article
229. Maraj S, Jacobs LE, Kung SC, Raja R, Krishnasamy P, Maraj R, Braitman LE, Kotler MN. Epidemiology and outcome of infective endocarditis in hemodialysis patients. Am J Med Sci. 2002. 324:254–260.
Article
230. Abbott KC, Agodoa LY. Hospitalizations for bacterial endocarditis after initiation of chronic dialysis in the United States. Nephron. 2002. 91:203–209.
Article
231. Nori US, Manoharan A, Thornby JI, Yee J, Parasuraman R, Ramanathan V. Mortality risk factors in chronic haemodialysis patients with infective endocarditis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006. 21:2184–2190.
Article
232. Mylonakis E, Calderwood SB. Infective endocarditis in adults. N Engl J Med. 2001. 345:1318–1330.
Article
233. Oliver R, Roberts GJ, Hooper L, Worthington HV. Antibiotics for the prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in dentistry. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008. (4):CD003813.
Article
234. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M, Bolger A, Cabell CH, Takahashi M, Baltimore RS, Newburger JW, Strom BL, Tani LY, Gerber M, Bonow RO, Pallasch T, Shulman ST, Rowley AH, Burns JC, Ferrieri P, Gardner T, Goff D, Durack DT. American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee. American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology. American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia. Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. 2007. 116:1736–1754.
235. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. NICE clinical guideline 64. Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis. 2008. London: NICE.
236. Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W, Bolger AF, Bayer A, Ferrieri P, Gewitz MH, Shulman ST, Nouri S, Newburger JW, Hutto C, Pallasch TJ, Gage TW, Levison ME, Peter G, Zuccaro G Jr. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: recommendations by the American Heart Association. Clin Infect Dis. 1997. 25:1448–1458.
Article
237. Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W, Bolger AF, Bayer A, Ferrieri P, Gewitz MH, Shulman ST, Nouri S, Newburger JW, Hutto C, Pallasch TJ, Gage TW, Levison ME, Peter G, Zuccaro G Jr. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Recommendations by the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1997. 96:358–366.
Article
238. Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W, Bolger AF, Bayer A, Ferrieri P, Gewitz MH, Shulman ST, Nouri S, Newburger JW, Hutto C, Pallasch TJ, Gage TW, Levison ME, Peter G, Zuccaro G Jr. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: recommendations by the American Heart Association. J Am Dent Assoc. 1997. 128:1142–1151.
Article
239. Gould FK, Elliott TS, Foweraker J, Fulford M, Perry JD, Roberts GJ, Sandoe JA, Watkin RW, Working Party. Guidelines for the prevention of endocarditis: report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006. 57:1035–1042.
Article
240. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M, Bolger A, Cabell CH, Takahashi M, Baltimore RS, Newburger JW, Strom BL, Tani LY, Gerber M, Bonow RO, Pallasch T, Shulman ST, Rowley AH, Burns JC, Ferrieri P, Gardner T, Goff D, Durack DT. American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Council on Clinical Cardiology. Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia. Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. American Dental Association. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007. 138:739–745. 747–760.
241. Mansur AJ, Dal Bó CM, Fukushima JT, Issa VS, Grinberg M, Pomerantzeff PM. Relapses, recurrences, valve replacements, and mortality during the long-term follow-up after infective endocarditis. Am Heart J. 2001. 141:78–86.
Article
242. Darouiche RO. Treatment of infection associated with surgical implants. N Engl J Med. 2004. 350:1422–1429.
Article
243. Seto TB, Kwiat D, Taira DA, Douglas PS, Manning WJ. Physician's recommendations to patients for use of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent endocarditis. JAMA. 2000. 284:68–71.
Article
244. Ki HK, Kim SH, Sohn KM, Wi YM, Rhee JY, Moon CS, Oh WS, Peck KR, Jeon ES, Lee NY, Yeom JS, Kim CK, Son JS, Kim YS, Jung SI, Jang HH, Kim SW, Lee H, Song JH. Current status of prophylaxis for endocarditis. Korean Circ J. 2005. 35:328–334.
Article
245. Burton MJ, Geraci SA. Infective endocarditis prevention: update on 2007 guidelines. Am J Med. 2008. 121:484–486.
Article
246. Lockhart PB, Loven B, Brennan MT, Fox PC. The evidence base for the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in dental practice. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007. 138:458–474.
Article
247. Strom BL, Abrutyn E, Berlin JA, Kinman JL, Feldman RS, Stolley PD, Levison ME, Korzeniowski OM, Kaye D. Dental and cardiac risk factors for infective endocarditis. A population-based, case-control study. Ann Intern Med. 1998. 129:761–769.
Article
248. Roberts GJ. Dentists are innocent! "Everyday" bacteremia is the real culprit: a review and assessment of the evidence that dental surgical procedures are a principal cause of bacterial endocarditis in children. Pediatr Cardiol. 1999. 20:317–325.
Article
249. Shanson D. New British and American guidelines for the antibiotic prophylaxis of infective endocarditis: do the changes make sense? A critical review. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008. 21:191–199.
Article
250. Vergis EN, Demas PN, Vaccarello SJ, Yu VL. Topical antibiotic prophylaxis for bacteremia after dental extractions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001. 91:162–165.
Article
251. Gopalakrishnan PP, Shukla SK, Tak T. Infective endocarditis: rationale for revised guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis. Clin Med Res. 2009. 7:63–68.
Article
252. Tong DC, Rothwell BR. Antibiotic prophylaxis in dentistry: a review and practice recommendations. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000. 131:366–374.
Article
253. Pallasch TJ. Antibiotic prophylaxis: problems in paradise. Dent Clin North Am. 2003. 47:665–679.
Article
254. Tomás Carmona I, Diz Dios P, Scully C. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylactic regimens for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis of oral origin. J Dent Res. 2007. 86:1142–1159.
Article
255. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M, Bolger A, Cabell CH, Takahashi M, Baltimore RS, Newburger JW, Strom BL, Tani LY, Gerber M, Bonow RO, Pallasch T, Shulman ST, Rowley AH, Burns JC, Ferrieri P, Gardner T, Goff D, Durack DT. American Heart Association. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008. 139:Suppl. 3S–24S.
256. Schwartz AB, Larson EL. Antibiotic prophylaxis and postoperative complications after tooth extraction and implant placement: a review of the literature. J Dent. 2007. 35:881–888.
Article
257. Cherry M, Daly CG, Mitchell D, Highfield J. Effect of rinsing with povidone-iodine on bacteraemia due to scaling: a randomized-controlled trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2007. 34:148–155.
Article
258. Lockhart PB, Brennan MT, Sasser HC, Fox PC, Paster BJ, Bahrani-Mougeot FK. Bacteremia associated with toothbrushing and dental extraction. Circulation. 2008. 117:3118–3125.
Article
259. Van der Meer JT, Van Wijk W, Thompson J, Vandenbroucke JP, Valkenburg HA, Michel MF. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of native-valve endocarditis. Lancet. 1992. 339:135–139.
Article
260. Lockhart PB, Loven B, Brennan MT, Fox PC. The evidence base for the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in dental practice. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007. 138:458–474.
Article
261. Duval X, Alla F, Hoen B, Danielou F, Larrieu S, Delahaye F, Leport C, Briançon S. Estimated risk of endocarditis in adults with predisposing cardiac conditions undergoing dental procedures with or without antibiotic prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006. 42:e102–e107.
Article
262. Seto TB. The case for infectious endocarditis prophylaxis: time to move forward. Arch Intern Med. 2007. 167:327–330.
263. Hirota WK, Petersen K, Baron TH, Goldstein JL, Jacobson BC, Leighton JA, Mallery JS, Waring JP, Fanelli RD, Wheeler-Harbough J, Faigel DO. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003. 58:475–482.
Article
264. Levy MJ, Norton ID, Wiersema MJ, Schwartz DA, Clain JE, Vazquez-Sequeiros E, Wilson WR, Zinsmeister AR, Jondal ML. Prospective risk assessment of bacteremia and other infectious complications in patients undergoing EUS-guided FNA. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003. 57:672–678.
Article
265. Wright TI, Baddour LM, Berbari EF, Roenigk RK, Phillips PK, Jacobs MA, Otley CC. Antibiotic prophylaxis in dermatologic surgery: advisory statement 2008. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008. 59:464–473.
Article
266. Strom BL, Abrutyn E, Berlin JA, Kinman JL, Feldman RS, Stolley PD, Levison ME, Korzeniowski OM, Kaye D. Risk factors for infective endocarditis: oral hygiene and nondental exposures. Circulation. 2000. 102:2842–2848.
267. Oliver R, Roberts GJ, Hooper L, Worthington HV. Antibiotics for the prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in dentistry. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008. (4):CD003813.
Article
268. Diz Dios P, Tomás Carmona I, Limeres Posse J, Medina Henriquez J, Fernández Feijoo J, Alvarez Fernández M. Comparative efficacies of amoxicillin, clindamycin, and moxifloxacin in prevention of bacteremia following dental extractions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006. 50:2996–3002.
Article
269. Mason JW. Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link. Cardiovasc Res. 2003. 60:5–10.
Article
270. Kawai C. From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future. Circulation. 1999. 99:1091–1100.
Article
271. Baboonian C, Treasure T. Meta-analysis of the association of enteroviruses with human heart disease. Heart. 1997. 78:539–543.
Article
272. Cooper LT Jr. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2009. 360:1526–1538.
Article
273. Warren-Gash C, Smeeth L, Hayward AC. Influenza as a trigger for acute myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009. 9:601–610.
Article
274. Bowles NE, Vallejo J. Viral causes of cardiac inflammation. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2003. 18:182–188.
Article
275. Lieberman EB, Hutchins GM, Herskowitz A, Rose NR, Baughman KL. Clinicopathologic description of myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991. 18:1617–1626.
276. Ellis CR, Di Salvo T. Myocarditis: basic and clinical aspects. Cardiol Rev. 2007. 15:170–177.
277. Klein RS, Recco RA, Catalano MT, Edberg SC, Casey JI, Steigbigel NH. Association of Streptococcus bovis with carcinoma of the colon. N Engl J Med. 1977. 297:800–802.
Article
278. McCarthy RE 3rd, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH, Hutchins GM, Kasper EK, Hare JM, Baughman KL. Long-term outcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant) myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2000. 342:690–695.
Article
279. Megran DW. Enterococcal endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 1992. 15:63–71.
Article
280. Malone DA, Wagner RA, Myers JP, Watanakunakorn C. Enterococcal bacteremia in two large community teaching hospitals. Am J Med. 1986. 81:601–606.
281. Feldman AM, McNamara D. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2000. 343:1388–1398.
Article
282. Imazio M, Trinchero R. Myopericarditis: Etiology, management, and prognosis. Int J Cardiol. 2008. 127:17–26.
Article
283. Angelini A, Calzolari V, Calabrese F, Boffa GM, Maddalena F, Chioin R, Thiene G. Myocarditis mimicking acute myocardial infarction: role of endomyocardial biopsy in the differential diagnosis. Heart. 2000. 84:245–250.
Article
284. Smith SC, Ladenson JH, Mason JW, Jaffe AS. Elevations of cardiac troponin I associated with myocarditis. Experimental and clinical correlates. Circulation. 1997. 95:163–168.
Article
285. Lauer B, Niederau C, Kühl U, Schannwell M, Pauschinger M, Strauer BE, Schultheiss HP. Cardiac troponin T in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997. 30:1354–1359.
Article
286. Pinamonti B, Alberti E, Cigalotto A, Dreas L, Salvi A, Silvestri F, Camerini F. Echocardiographic findings in myocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 1988. 62:285–291.
Article
287. Adsett M, West MJ, Galbraith A, Duhig E, Lange A, Palka P. Eosinophilic heart: marked left ventricular wall thickening and myocardial dysfunction improving with corticosteroid therapy. Echocardiography. 2003. 20:369–374.
Article
288. Lieback E, Hardouin I, Meyer R, Bellach J, Hetzer R. Clinical value of echocardiographic tissue characterization in the diagnosis of myocarditis. Eur Heart J. 1996. 17:135–142.
Article
289. Magnani JW, Dec GW. Myocarditis: current trends in diagnosis and treatment. Circulation. 2006. 113:876–890.
290. Friedrich MG, Strohm O, Schulz-Menger J, Marciniak H, Luft FC, Dietz R. Contrast media-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging visualizes myocardial changes in the course of viral myocarditis. Circulation. 1998. 97:1802–1809.
Article
291. Mahrholdt H, Sechtem U. Noninvasive differentiation between active and healed myocarditis by cardiac magnetic resonance: are we there yet? JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009. 2:139–142.
Article
292. Mahrholdt H, Goedecke C, Wagner A, Meinhardt G, Athanasiadis A, Vogelsberg H, Fritz P, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology. Circulation. 2004. 109:1250–1258.
Article
293. Laissy JP, Messin B, Varenne O, Iung B, Karila-Cohen D, Schouman-Claeys E, Steg PG. MRI of acute myocarditis: a comprehensive approach based on various imaging sequences. Chest. 2002. 122:1638–1648.
294. Dec GW, Palacios I, Yasuda T, Fallon JT, Khaw BA, Strauss HW, Haber E. Antimyosin antibody cardiac imaging: its role in the diagnosis of myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990. 16:97–104.
Article
295. Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Alakija P, Cooper LT, White JA, Abdel-Aty H, Gutberlet M, Prasad S, Aletras A, Laissy JP, Paterson I, Filipchuk NG, Kumar A, Pauschinger M, Liu P. International Consensus Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Myocarditis. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: A JACC White Paper. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009. 53:1475–1487.
Article
296. Felker GM, Thompson RE, Hare JM, Hruban RH, Clemetson DE, Howard DL, Baughman KL, Kasper EK. Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000. 342:1077–1084.
Article
297. Wu LA, Lapeyre AC 3rd, Cooper LT. Current role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001. 76:1030–1038.
Article
298. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult-summary article. Circulation. 2005. 112:1825–1852.
Article
299. Howlett JG, McKelvie RS, Arnold JM, Costigan J, Dorian P, Ducharme A, Estrella-Holder E, Ezekowitz JA, Giannetti N, Haddad H, Heckman GA, Herd AM, Isaac D, Jong P, Kouz S, Liu P, Mann E, Moe GW, Tsuyuki RT, Ross HJ, White M. Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference guidelines on heart failure, update 2009: diagnosis and management of right-sided heart failure, myocarditis, device therapy and recent important clinical trials. Can J Cardiol. 2009. 25:85–105.
Article
300. Brown CA, O'Connell JB. Implications of the myocarditis treatment trial for clinical practice. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1996. 11:332–336.
Article
301. Hahn EA, Hartz VL, Moon TE, O'Connell JB, Herskowitz A, McManus BM, Mason JW. The myocarditis treatment trial: design, methods and patients enrollment. Eur Heart J. 1995. 16:Suppl O. 162–167.
302. Daliento L, Calabrese F, Tona F, Caforio ALP, Tarsia G, Angelini A, Thiene G. Successful treatment of enterovirus-induced myocarditis with interferon-alpha. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2003. 22:214–217.
303. Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Schwimmbeck PL, Seeberg B, Lober C, Noutsias M, Poller W, Schultheiss HP. Interferon-beta treatment eliminates cardiotropic viruses and improves left ventricular function in patients with myocardial persistence of viral genomes and left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 2003. 107:2793–2798.
Article
304. Latham RD, Mulrow JP, Virmani R, Robinowitz M, Moody JM. Recently diagnosed idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: incidence of myocarditis and efficacy of prednisone therapy. Am Heart J. 1989. 117:876–882.
Article
305. Mason JW, O'Connell JB, Herskowitz A, Rose NR, McManus BM, Billingham ME, Moon TE. A clinical trial of immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis. The Myocarditis Treatment Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1995. 333:269–275.
Article
306. Cooper LT, Berry GJ, Shabetai R. Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis--natural history and treatment. Multicenter Giant Cell Myocarditis Study Group Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997. 336:1860–1866.
Article
307. Frustaci A, Russo MA, Chimenti C. Randomized study on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy: the TIMIC study. Eur Heart J. 2009. 30:1995–2002.
Article
308. Wojnicz R, Nowalany-Kozielska E, Wojciechowska C, Glanowska G, Wilczewski P, Niklewski T, Zembala M, Polonski L, Rozek MM, Wodniecki J. Randomized, placebo-controlled study for immunosuppressive treatment of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy: two-year follow-up results. Circulation. 2001. 104:39–45.
Article
309. Liu C, Chen J, Liu K. Immunosuppressive treatment for inflammatory cardiomyopathy: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Heart J. 2005. 46:113–122.
Article
310. Garg A, Shiau J, Guyatt G. The ineffectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy in lymphocytic myocarditis: an overview. Ann Intern Med. 1998. 129:317–322.
Article
311. Tedeschi A, Airaqhi L, Giannini S, Ciceri L, Massari FM. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of acute myocarditis. A case report and review of the literature. J Intern Med. 2002. 251:169–173.
Article
312. Drucker NA, Colan SD, Lewis AB, Beiser AS, Wessel DL, Takahashi M, Baker AL, Perez-Atayde AR, Newburger JW. Gamma-Globulin treatment of acute myocarditis in the pediatric population. Circulation. 1994. 89:252–257.
Article
313. McNamara DM, Holubkov R, Starling RC, Dec GW, Loh E, Torre-Amione G, Gass A, Janosko K, Tokarczyk T, Kessler P, Mann DL, Feldman AM. Controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin in recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2001. 103:2254–2259.
Article
314. Wagner A, Schulz-Menger J, Dietz R, Friedrich MG. Long-term follow-up of patients with acute myocarditis by magnetic resonance imaging. MAGMA. 2003. 16:17–20.
Article
315. Kaski JP, Elliott P. ESC Working Group. The classification concept of the ESC Working Group on myocardial and pericardial diseases for dilated cardiomyopathy. Herz. 2007. 32:446–451.
Article
316. Maisch B, Seferović PM, Ristić AD, Erbel R, Rienmüller R, Adler Y, Tomkowski WZ, Thiene G, Yacoub MH. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary; The Task force on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European society of cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2004. 25:587–610.
317. Little WC, Freeman GL. Pericardial disease. Circulation. 2006. 113:1622–1632.
Article
318. Imazio M, Brucato A, Trinchero R, Spodick D, Adler Y. Individualized therapy for pericarditis. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2009. 7:965–975.
Article
319. Troughton RW, Asher CR, Klein AL. Pericarditis. Lancet. 2004. 363:717–727.
Article
320. Jin YJ, Park SY, Boo SJ, Woong JJ, Park KS, Yoo DJ, Kim JJ, Lee SO, Choi SH, Woo JH, Kim YS, Kim SH. A case of acute myopericarditis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a Korean adult. Infect Chemother. 2009. 41:245–248.
Article
321. Burgess LJ, Reuter H, Carstens ME, Taljaard JJ, Doubell AF. The use of adenosine deaminase and interferon-gamma as diagnostic tools for tuberculous pericarditis. Chest. 2002. 122:900–905.
Article
322. Strang JI, Kakaza HH, Gibson DG, Girling DJ, Nunn AJ, Fox W. Controlled trial of prednisolone as adjuvant in treatment of tuberculous constrictive pericarditis in Transkei. Lancet. 1987. 2:1418–1422.
Article
323. Trautner BW, Darouiche RO. Tuberculous pericarditis: optimal diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis. 2001. 33:954–961.
Article
324. Kim DY, Park JH, Shin JD, Kim BS, Lee HJ, Kim JH, Jang HS, Kang HJ, Lee BR, Jung BC. Long-term follow-up results and clinical manifestations of patients with a moderate to large amount of pericardial effusion. Korean J Med. 2008. 74:154–161.
325. Jeon CH, Hong SY, Song MS, Kim CH, Hwang YH, Cho KH. Pericardial effusion: report of three unusual cases. J Korean Pediatr Cardiol Soc. 2002. 6:97–103.
326. Lange RA, Hillis LD. Clinical practice. Acute pericarditis. N Engl J Med. 2004. 351:2195–2202.
327. Imazio M, Demichelis B, Parrini I, Giuggia M, Cecchi E, Gaschino G, Demarie D, Ghisio A, Trinchero R. Day-hospital treatment of acute pericarditis: a management program for outpatient therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004. 43:1042–1046.
328. Spodick DH. Risk prediction in pericarditis: who to keep in hospital? Heart. 2008. 94:398–399.
Article
329. Imazio M, Brucato A, Cumetti D, Brambilla G, Demichelis B, Ferro S, Maestroni S, Cecchi E, Belli R, Palmieri G, Trinchero R. Corticosteroids for recurrent pericarditis: high versus low doses: a nonrandomized observation. Circulation. 2008. 118:667–671.
330. Strang JI, Kakaza HH, Gibson DG, Girling DJ, Nunn AJ, Fox W. Controlled trial of prednisolone as adjuvant in treatment of tuberculous contrictive pericarditis in Transkei. Lancet. 1987. 2:1418–1422.
331. Ntsekhe M, Wiysonge C, Volmink JA, Commerford PJ, Mayosi BM. Adjuvant corticosteroids for tuberculous pericarditis: promising, but not proven. QJM. 2003. 96:593–599.
Article
332. Mayosi BM, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF. Tuberculous pericarditis. Circulation. 2005. 112:3608–3616.
Article
333. Tuon FF, Litvoc MN, Lopes MI. Adenosine deaminase and tuberculous pericarditis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Acta Trop. 2006. 99:67–74.
Article
334. Wiysonge CS, Ntsekhe M, Gumedze F, Sliwa K, Blackett KN, Commerford PJ, Volmink JA, Mayosi BM. Contemporary use of adjunctive corticosteroids in tuberculous pericarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2008. 124:388–390.
Article
335. Evans DJ. The use of adjunctive corticosteroids in the treatment of pericardial, pleural and meningeal tuberculosis: do they improve outcome? Respir Med. 2008. 102:793–800.
Article
336. Reuter H, Burgess LJ, Louw VJ, Doubell AF. Experience with adjunctive corticosteroids in managing tuberculous pericarditis. Cardiovasc J S Afr. 2006. 17:233–238.
337. Mayosi BM, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF. Tuberculous pericarditis. Circulation. 2005. 112:3608–3616.
Article
338. Strang JI, Nunn AJ, Johnson DA, Casbard A, Gibson DG, Girling DJ. Management of tuberculous constrictive pericarditis and tuberculous pericardial effusion in Transkei: results at 10 years follow-up. QJM. 2004. 97:525–535.
Article
339. Hakim JG, Ternouth I, Mushangi E, Siziya S, Robertson V, Malin A. Double blind randomised placebo controlled trial of adjunctive prednisolone in the treatment of effusive tuberculous pericarditis in HIV seropositive patients. Heart. 2000. 84:183–188.
Article
340. Imazio M, Cecchi E, Demichelis B, Chinaglia A, Coda L, Ghisio A, Demarie D, Ierna S, Trinchero R. COPPS Investigators. Rationale and design of the COPPS trial: a randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre study on the use of colchicine for the primary prevention of postpericardiotomy syndrome. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2007. 8:1044–1048.
Article
341. Artom G, Koren-Morag N, Spodick DH, Brucato A, Guindo J, Bayes-de-Luna A, Brambilla G, Finkelstein Y, Granel B, Bayes-Genis A, Schwammenthal E, Adler Y. Pretreatment with corticosteroids attenuates the efficacy of colchicine in preventing recurrent pericarditis: a multi-centre all-case analysis. Eur Heart J. 2005. 26:723–727.
Article
342. Imazio M, Bobbio M, Cecchi E, Demarie D, Demichelis B, Pomari F, Moratti M, Gaschino G, Giammaria M, Ghisio A, Belli R, Trinchero R. Colchicine in addition to conventional therapy for acute pericarditis: results of the Colchicine for acute Pericarditis (COPE) trial. Circulation. 2005. 112:2012–2016.
Article
343. Imazio M, Bobbio M, Cecchi E, Demarie D, Pomari F, Moratti M, Ghisio A, Belli R, Trinchero R. Colchicine as first-choice therapy for recurrent pericarditis. Arch Intern Med. 2005. 165:1987–1991.
Article
344. Imazio M, Spodick DH, Brucato A, Trinchero R, Adler Y. Controversial issues in the management of pericardial diseases. Circulation. 2010. 121:916–928.
Article
345. De Maeseneer MG. Thrombosis Guidelines Group of the Belgian on. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Belgian Working Group on Angiology. Superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limb: practical recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Acta Chir Belg. 2005. 105:145–147.
Article
346. Stitzenberg KB, Piehl MD, Monahan PE, Phillips JD. Interval laparoscopic appendectomy for appendicitis complicated by pylephlebitis. JSLS. 2006. 10:108–113.
347. Plemmons RM, Dooley DP, Longfield RN. Septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein (pylephlebitis): diagnosis and management in the modern era. Clin Infect Dis. 1995. 21:1114–1120.
Article
348. Tandon R, Davidoff A, Worthington MG, Ross JJ. Pylephlebitis after CT-guided percutaneous liver biopsy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005. 184:3 Suppl. S70–S72.
Article
349. Kim DY, Sedlack RE, Brandhagen DJ, Nyberg SL. Late presentation of pylephlebitis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2003. 9:776–777.
Article
350. Chirinos JA, Garcia J, Alcaide ML, Toledo G, Baracco GJ, Lichtstein DM. Septic thrombophlebitis: diagnosis and management. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2006. 6:9–14.
351. Yoon YK, Kim CH, Kim HC, Lee JH, Kim JY, Park DW, Sohn JW, Kim MJ. Fatal peripheral septic thrombophlebitis complicated with infective endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a case report with autopsy findings. Infect Chemother. 2010. 42:249–252.
Article
352. Hong SK, Nam SH, Kim HC. Fatal peripheral candidal suppurative thrombophlebitis in a postoperative patient. J Korean Med Sci. 2008. 23:1094–1096.
Article
353. Brown CE, Stettler RW, Twickler D, Cunningham FG. Puerperal septic pelvic thrombophlebitis: incidence and response to heparin therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999. 181:143–148.
Article
354. Chirinos JA, Lichtstein DM, Garcia J, Tamariz LJ. The evolution of Lemierre syndrome: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2002. 81:458–465.
355. Kim EJ, Park JH, Kim CH, Park JY, Jung TH, Cha SI. A Case of Lemierre syndrome associated with septic pulmonary emboli. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2005. 58:73–77.
Article
356. Heo TY, Jung BH, Ryou NS, Joung HC, Cho MH, Kim MH, Ryu DS. A case of lemierre syndrome poorly responsive to medical treatment. Korean J Med. 2008. 74:203–207.
357. Seo YT, Kim MJ, Kim JH, Ha BW, Choi HS, Kim YT, Ham YH. Lemierre syndrome: a case of postanginal sepsis. Korean J Intern Med. 2007. 22:211–214.
Article
358. Bae YA, Lee IJ, Kim HB, Hong MS, Lee K, Lee Y, Bae SH. Lemierre syndrome: a case report. J Korean Radiol Soc. 2006. 54:7–10.
Article
359. Rosado P, Gallego L, Junquera L, de Vicente JC. Lemierre's syndrome: a serious complication of an odontogenic infection. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009. 14:e398–e401.
360. Southwick FS, Richardson EP Jr, Swartz MN. Septic thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses. Medicine (Baltimore). 1986. 65:82–106.
Article
361. Balthazar EJ, Gollapudi P. Septic thrombophlebitis of the mesenteric and portal veins: CT imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2000. 24:755–760.
Article
362. Zinner MJ, Zuidema GD, Lowery BD. Septic nonsuppurative thrombophlebitis. Arch Surg. 1976. 111:122–125.
Article
363. Mori H, Fukuda T, Isomoto I, Maeda H, Hayashi K. CT diagnosis of catheter-induced septic thrombus of vena cava. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1990. 14:236–238.
Article
364. Shin BS, Oh SY, Kim YH. A case of cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis secondary to acute isolated sphenoid sinusitis. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 2000. 18:783–785.
365. Angel JL, Knuppel RA. Computed tomography in diagnosis of puerperal ovarian vein thrombosis. Obstet Gynecol. 1984. 63:61–64.
366. Isada NB, Landy HJ, Larsen JW Jr. Postabortal septic pelvic thrombophlebitis diagnosed by computed tomography. A case report. J Reprod Med. 1987. 32:866–868.
367. Martin B, Mulopulos GP, Bryan PJ. MRI of puerperal ovarianvein thrombosis (case report). AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1986. 147:291–292.
Article
368. Baker CC, Petersen SR, Sheldon GF. Septic phlebitis: a neglected disease. Am J Surg. 1979. 138:97–103.
Article
369. Di Nisio M, Wichers IM, Middeldorp S. Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007. (2):CD004982.
Article
370. Torres-Rojas JR, Stratton CW, Sanders CV, Horsman TA, Hawley HB, Dascomb HE, Vial LJ Jr. Candidal suppurative peripheral thrombophlebitis. Ann Intern Med. 1982. 96:431–435.
Article
371. Walsh TJ, Bustamente C, Vlahov D, Standiford HC. Candidal suppurative peripheral thrombophlebitis: recognition, prevention, and management. Infect Control. 1986. 7:16–22.
Article
372. Kim MK, Chung GE, Park HE, Chung WY. Mycotic aneurysm of the ascending aorta, presenting as unstable angina and persistent hiccup. Korean J Med. 2010. 79:187–190.
373. Bennett DE, Cherry JK. Bacterial infection of aortic aneurysms. A clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg. 1967. 113:321–326.
374. Johnson JR, Ledgerwood AM, Lucas CE. Mycotic aneurysm: new concepts in therapy. Arch Surg. 1983. 118:577–582.
375. Brummitt CF, Kravitz GR, Granrud GA, Herzog CA. Femoral endarteritis due to Staphylococcus aureus complicating percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Med. 1989. 86:822–824.
Article
376. Frazee BW, Flaberty JP. Septic endarteritis of the femoral artery following angioplasty. Rev Infect Dis. 1991. 13:620–623.
Article
377. Pruitt A, Dodson TF, Najibi S, Thourani V, Sherman A, Cloft H, Caliendo A, Smith RB 3rd. Distal septic emboli and fatal brachiocephalic artery mycotic pseudoaneurysm as a complication of stenting. J Vasc Surg. 2002. 36:625–628.
Article
378. Tsao JW, Neymark E, Gooding GA. Radial artery mycotic pseudoaneurysm: an unusual complication of catheterization. J Clin Ultrasound. 2000. 28:414–416.
Article
379. McCready RA, Bryant MA, Divelbiss JL, Chess BA, Chitwood RW, Paget DS. Arterial infections in the new millenium: an old problem revisited. Ann Vasc Surg. 2006. 20:590–595.
Article
380. von Segesser LK, Vogt P, Genoni M, Lachat M, Turina M. The infected aorta. J Card Surg. 1997. 12:2 Suppl. 256–260.
381. Sessa C, Farah I, Voirin L, Magne JL, Brion JP, Guidicelli H. Infected aneurysms of the infrarenal abdominal aorta: diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategy. Ann Vasc Surg. 1997. 11:453–463.
Article
382. Visrutaratna P, Charoenkwan P, Saeteng S. Mycotic aneurysm of the left subclavian artery: CT findings. Singapore Med J. 2006. 47:77–79.
383. Oh SH, Lee MR, Peck KR, Kang SW, Choe YH, Kim YW, Kim DK. A case of mycotic aneurysm of the aorta caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae accompanied by endophthalmitis. Korean J Med. 2010. 78:357–363.
384. Lee SH, Byun JY, Kim BS, Kim EN, Yoon YD, Kim KT, Lee JM, Shinn KS. Various complications of abdominal aortic aneurysm: CT findings. J Korean Radiol Soc. 1997. 36:477–482.
Article
385. Kil JS, Han AR, Yun HS, Min YW, Kwon KT, Peck KR, Song JH. A case of infective endocarditis with a mycotic aneurysm of the superficial palmar arch. Korean J Med. 2008. 74:S135–S138.
386. Choi SJ, Lee JS, Cheong MH, Byun SS, Hyun IY. Role of F-18 FDG PET/CT in the management of infected abdominal aortic aneurysm due to Salmonella. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007. 41:570–573.
387. Cohen OS, O'Brien TF, Schoenbaum SC, Medeiros AA. The risk of endothelial infection in adults with salmonella bacteremia. Ann Intern Med. 1978. 89:931–932.
Article
388. Flamand F, Harris KA, Derose G, Karam B, Jamieson WG. Arteritis due to Salmonella with aneurysm formation: two cases. Can J Surg. 1992. 35:248–252.
389. Komatsu Y, Narushima K, Kobayashi E, Tomono Y, Nose T. Aspergillus mycotic aneurysm: case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1991. 31:346–350.
390. Hadley MN, Martin NA, Spetzler RF, Johnson PC. Multiple intracranial aneurysms due to Coccidioides immitis infection: case report. J Neurosurg. 1987. 66:453–456.
391. Long R, Guzman R, Greenberg H, Safneck J, Hershfield E. Tuberculous mycotic aneurysm of the aorta: review of published medical and surgical experience. Chest. 1999. 115:522–531.
392. Liu WC, Kwak BK, Kim KN, Kim SY, Woo JJ, Chung DJ, Hong JH, Kim HS, Lee CJ, Shim HJ. Tuberculous aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: endovascular repair using stent grafts in two cases. Korean J Radiol. 2000. 1:215–218.
Article
393. Salgado AV, Furlan AJ, Keys TF. Mycotic aneurysm, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and indications for cerebral angiography in infective endocarditis. Stroke. 1987. 18:1057–1060.
Article
394. Wilson LR, Lie JT, Houser OW, Piepgras DG, Geraci JE. The management of patients with mycotic aneurysms. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 1981. 2:151–183.
395. Barrow DL, Prats AR. Infectious intracranial aneurysms: comparison of groups with and without endocarditis. Neurosurgery. 1990. 27:562–572.
Article
396. Friedman SG, Pogo GJ, Moccio CG. Mycotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery. J Vasc Surg. 1987. 6:87–90.
Article
397. Kang JY, Ku BI, Oh SJ, Lee HS, Kim CH. Mycotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery: report of 2 cases. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997. 30:97–102.
398. Jarrett F, Darling RC, Mundth ED, Austen WG. The management of infected arterial aneurysms. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1977. 18:361–366.
399. Sukerkar AN, Dulay CC, Anandappa E, Asokan S. Mycotic aneurysm of the hepatic artery. Case diagnosed with radionuclide imaging and ultrasound. Radiology. 1977. 124:444.
400. Feinsod FM, Norfleet RG, Hoehn JL. Mycotic aneurysm of the external iliac artery: a triad of clinical signs facilitating early diagnosis. JAMA. 1977. 238:245–246.
Article
401. Cliff MM, Soulen R, Finestone AJ. Mycotic aneurysms: a challenge and a clue: Review of ten-year experience. Arch Intern Med. 1970. 126:977–982.
402. Jarrett F, Darling RC, Mundth ED, Austen WG. Experience with infected aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Arch Surg. 1975. 110:1281–1286.
Article
403. Tunkel AR, Kaye D. Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis. Neurol Clin. 1993. 11:419–440.
Article
404. Selky AK, Roos KL. Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis. Semin Neurol. 1992. 12:225–233.
Article
405. Atlas SW. Magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial aneurysms. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 1997. 7:709–720.
Article
406. Villablanca JP, Jahan R, Hooshi P, Lim S, Duckwiler G, Patel A, Sayre J, Martin N, Frazee J, Bentson J, Viñuela F. Detection and characterization of very small cerebral aneurysms by using 2D and 3D helical CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002. 23:1187–1198.
407. Kimura I, Okumura R, Yamashita K, Shibata T, Hayashi N, Hayakawa K, Hamanaka D, Odori T, Ishii Y, Ishihara H. Mycotic aneurysm. Radiat Med. 1989. 7:121–123.
408. Vogelzang RL, Sohaey R. Infected aortic aneurysms: CT appearance. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1988. 12:109–112.
409. Blair RH, Resnik MD, Polga JP. CT appearance of mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989. 13:101–104.
Article
410. Macedo TA, Stanson AW, Oderich GS, Johnson CM, Panneton JM, Tie ML. Infected aortic aneurysms: imaging findings. Radiology. 2004. 231:250–257.
Article
411. Nguyen BT. Computed tomography diagnosis of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Semin Roentgen. 2001. 36:309–324.
Article
412. Peters P, Harrison T, Lennox J. A dangerous dilemma: manage-ment of infectious intracranial aneurysms complicating endocarditis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006. 6:742–748.
Article
413. Choi WJ, Yee GT, Sohn MJ, Choi CY, Yoon SW, Whang CJ. Distal middle cerebral artery aneurysm: case report. Korean J Cerebrovasc Surg. 2005. 7:333–337.
414. Kim HM, Rim SJ, Lee JY, Lee KS, Kim JM, Hong YS, Lee KC. A case of infective endocarditis complicated with asymptomatic cerebral mycotic aneurysm. Korean J Med. 2003. 64:477–481.
415. Ahmadi J, Tung H, Giannotta SL, Destian S. Monitoring of infectious intracranial aneurysms by sequential computed tomographic/ magnetic resonance imaging studies. Neurosurgery. 1993. 32:45–49.
416. Morawetz RB, Karp RB. Evolution and resolution of intracranial bacterial (mycotic) aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1984. 15:43–49.
Article
417. Meena AK, Sitajayalakshmi S, Prasad VS, Murthy JM. Mycotic aneurysm on posterior cerebral artery: resolution with medical therapy. Neurol India. 2000. 48:276–278.
418. Kovoor JM, Jayakumar PN, Srikanth SG, Sampath S. Intracranial infective aneurysms: angiographic evaluation with treatment. Neurol India. 2001. 49:262–266.
419. Chun JY, Smith W, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Wilson CB, Lawton MT. Current multimodality management of infectious intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 2001. 48:1203–1213.
Article
420. Corr P, Wright M, Handler LC. Endocaritis-related cerebral aneurysms: radiologic changes with treatment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995. 16:745–748.
421. Moneta GL, Taylor LM Jr, Yeager RA, Edwards JM, Nicoloff AD, McConnell DB, Porter JM. Surgical treatment of infected aortic aneurysm. Am J Surg. 1998. 175:396–399.
Article
422. Hsu RB, Tsay YG, Wang SS, Chu SH. Surgical treatment for primary infected aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, and iliac arteries. J Vasc Surg. 2002. 36:746–750.
Article
423. Fillmore AJ, Valentine RJ. Surgical mortality in patients with infected aortic aneurysms. J Am Coll Surg. 2003. 196:435–441.
Article
424. Reddy DJ, Smith RF, Elliot JP Jr, Haddad GK, Wanek EA. Infected femoral artery false aneurysms in drug addicts: evolution of selective vascular reconstruction. J Vasc Surg. 1986. 3:718–724.
Article
425. Johansen K, Devin J. Mycotic aortic aneurysms: a reappraisal. Arch Surg. 1983. 118:583–588.
426. Parsons R, Gregory J, Palmer DL. Salmonella infections of the abdominal aorta. Rev Infect Dis. 1983. 5:227–231.
427. Cevasco M, Menard MT, Bafford R, McNamee CJ. Acute infectious pseudoaneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta and review of infectious aortitis. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2010. 44:697–700.
Article
Full Text Links
  • IC
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr