J Korean Med Sci.  2007 Jun;22(3):508-512. 10.3346/jkms.2007.22.3.508.

Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Lung Cancer in Korean Men: The Seoul Male Cancer Cohort Study

• Bae JM
• Lee MS
• Shin MH
• Kim DH
• Li ZM
• Ahn YO

• KMID: 1778362
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2007.22.3.508

Abstract

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in Korea. The aim of this study was to estimate lung cancer risk of cigarette smoking in Korean men by a 10-yr follow-up prospective cohort study using the primary databases. The number of subjects was 14,272 men, who had full information of smoking habits among participants in the Seoul Male Cancer Cohort Study (SMCC). Total 125,053 personyears were calculated by determining the number of days from the start of followup, January 1, 1993, until the date of lung cancer diagnosis, death from another cause, or the end of follow-up, December 31, 2002, followed by converting the number of days to years. The information of outcome was obtained by the database of Korea Central Cancer Registry, Seoul Regional Cancer Registry, and Korea Statistical Office. The relative risk (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) values of smoking were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression stratified on potential confounders. During the follow-up periods, 78 cases of lung cancer occurred. The cigarette smoking is the major risk factor and increases the 4.18-fold risk of lung cancer in Korean men. In order to control lung cancer, intervention of quitting smoking is needed.

Keyword

Lung Neoplasm; Cancer Incidence; Cigarette Smoking; Cohort Study

MeSH Terms

Adult
Cohort Studies
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Korea
Lung Neoplasms/*diagnosis/*etiology
Male
Middle Aged
Proportional Hazards Models
Risk
Risk Factors
*Smoking
Treatment Outcome

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Flow chart of the design and process.

Reference

1. Greenlee RT, Hill-Harmon MB, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer statistics, 2001. CA Cancer J Clin. 2001. 51:15–36.

2. Korea National Statistic Office. 18 September 2006. http://www.nso.go.kr/board_notice/BoardAction.do?method=view&board_id=78&seq=388&num=388&parent_num=0&page=1&sdate=&edate=&search_mode=&keyword=&position=.

3. Bae JM, Jung KW, Won YJ. Estimation of cancer deaths in Korea for the upcoming years. J Korean Med Sci. 2002. 17:611–615.

4. Kim IS, Jee SH, Ohrr H, Yi SW. Effects of smoking on the mortality of lung cancer in Korean men. Yonsei Med J. 2001. 42:155–160.

5. IARC. Tobacco. A major international health hazard. 1986. Lyon: IARC;IARC Sci Publ 74.

6. Jee SH, Samet JM, Oh H, Kin JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004. 15:341–348.

7. Yun YH, Jung KW, Bae JM, Lee JS, Shin SA, Park SM, Yoo T, Huh BY. Cigarette smoking and cancer incidence risk in adult men: National Health Insurance Corporation Study. Cancer Detect Prev. 2005. 29:15–24.

8. Bae JM, Ahn YO. A nested case-control study on the high-normal blood pressure as a risk factor of hypertension in Korean middle-aged men. J Korea Med Sci. 2002. 17:328–336.

9. Shin MH, Kim DH, Bae JM, Lee HK, Lee MS, Noh JY, Ahn YO. The effect of coffee consumption on serum total cholesterol level in healthy middle-aged men. Korean J Prev Med. 1994. 27:200–216.

10. Kim DS, Koo HY, Kim DH, Bae JM, Shin MH, Lee MS, Lee CM, Ahn YO. A cohort study of physical activity and all cause mortality in middle-aged men in Seoul. Korean J Prev Med. 1998. 31:604–615.

11. Lee MS, Kang WC, Kim DH, Bae JM, Shin MH, Lee YJ, Ahn YO. Methodologic considerations on the cohort study of risk factors of stomach cancer: on the incompleteness of case ascertainment. Korean J Epidemiol. 1997. 19:152–160.

12. Kim JP, Park IS, Ahn YO, Shin MH, Ahn DH, Kang TW, Ko UR, Ku PS, Kim KY, Kim KH, Kim NK, Kim DJ, Kim DH, Kim BS, Kim SH, Park CT, Min JS, Park TK, Woo BH, Yoo H, Lee SW, Lee SJ, Cho KS, Joo HZ, Ham EK. 1991 cancer incidence in Seoul, Korea: results of the implementation study of the Seoul Cancer Registry. J Korean Med Sci. 1995. 10:74–84.

13. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Teppo L, Thomas DB. Cancer incidence in five continents. 2002. VIII. Lyon: IARC;276–277. IARC Sci Publ 155.

14. The Korea Central Cancer Registry in National Cancer Center. http://www.ncc.re.kr.

15. StataCorp. 1 November 2006. http://www.stata.com.

16. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. DHHS Publ No. (CDC)89-8411. Reducing the health consequences of smoking: 25 years of progress. A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. 1989.

17. Agudo A, Ahrens W, Benhamou E, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Darby SC, Forastiere F, Fortes C, Gaborieau V, Gonzalez CA, Jockel KH, Kreuzer M, Merletti F, Pohlabeln H, Richiardi L, Whitley E, Wichmann HE, Zambon P, Simonato L. Lung cancer and cigarette smoking in women: a multicenter case-control study in Europe. Int J Cancer. 2000. 88:820–827.

18. Yamaguchi N, Mochizuki-Kobayashi Y, Utsunomiya O. Quantitative relationship between cumulative cigarette consumption and lung cancer mortality in Japan. Int J Epidemiol. 2000. 29:963–968.

19. Doll R, Peto R. Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years' observations on male British doctors. Brit Med J. 1976. 2:1525–1536.

20. Vineis P, Alavanja M, Garte S. Dose-response relationship in tobacco-related cancers of bladder and lung: a biochemical interpretation. Int J Cancer. 2004. 108:2–7.

21. Simonato L, Agudo A, Ahrens W, Benhamou E, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Darby SC, Forastiere F, Fortes C, Gaborieau V, Gerken M, Gonzales CA, Jockel KH, Kreuzer M, Merletti F, Nyberg F, Pershagen G, Pohlabeln H, Rosch F, Whitley E, Wichmann HE, Zambon P. Lung cancer and cigarette smoking in Europe: an update of risk estimates and an assessment of inter-country heterogeneity. Int J Cancer. 2001. 91:876–887.

22. Baron JA, Rohan TE. Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, editors. Tobacco. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. 1996. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press;269–289.