J Korean Acad Nurs.  2012 Dec;42(7):974-983. 10.4040/jkan.2012.42.7.974.

Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Korean Versions of the Spiritual Perspective Scale and the Self-transcendence Scale in Korean Elders

• Kim SS
• Reed PG
• Kang Y
• Oh J

• KMID: 1739535
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.7.974

Abstract

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to translate the Spiritual Perspective Scale (SPS) and Self-transcendence Scale (STS) into Korean and test the psychometric properties of the instruments with Korean elders.
METHODS
A cross-sectional survey design was used to implement the three stages of the study. Stage I consisted of translating and reviewing the scales by six experts. In Stage II, equivalence was tested by comparing the responses between the Korean and English versions among 71 bilingual adults. Stage III established the psychometric properties of the Korean versions SPS-K and STS-K among 154 Korean elders.
RESULTS
Cronbach's alpha of the SPS-K and the STS-K .97, and .85 respectively with Korean elders. Factor analysis showed that the SPS-K had one factor; the STS-K had four factors with one factor clearly representing self-transcendence as theorized. Both scales showed good reliability and validity for the translated Korean versions. However, continued study of the construct validity of the STS-K is needed.
CONCLUSION
Study findings indicate that the SPS-K and the STS-K could be useful for nurses and geriatric researchers to assess a broadly defined spirituality, and to conduct research on spirituality and health among Korean elders. Use of these scales within a theory-based study may contribute to further knowledge about the role of spirituality in the health and well-being of Korean people facing health crises.

Keyword

Spirituality; Translations; Reliability and validity; Koreans

MeSH Terms

Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Cross-Sectional Studies
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Female
Health Status
Humans
Interviews as Topic
Male
Middle Aged
*Psychometrics
Questionnaires
Republic of Korea
*Self Concept
*Spirituality
Translating

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Translation procedures, equivalence, and reliability and validity testing for each.

Reference

1. Bean KB, Wagner K. Self-transcendence, illness distress, and quality of life among liver transplant recipients. J Theory Constr Test. 2006. 10(2):47–53.

2. Berry JW. On cross-cultural comparability. Int J Psychol. 1969. 4(2):119–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207596908247261.

3. Boswell GH, Kahana E, Dilworth-Anderson P. Spirituality and health lifestyle behaviors: Stress counter-balancing effects on the well-being of older adults. J Relig Health. 2006. 45(4):587–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-006-9060-7.

4. Brislin RW. Back-translation for cross-cultural research. J Cross Cult Psychol. 1970. 1(3):185–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301.

5. Callen BL, Mefford L, Groer M, Thomas SP. Relationships among stress, infectious illness, and religiousness/spirituality in community-dwelling older adults. Res Gerontol Nurs. 2011. 4(3):195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/19404921-20101001-99.

6. Chen S, Walsh SM. Effect of a creative-bonding intervention on Taiwanese nursing students' self-transcendence and attitudes toward elders. Res Nurs Health. 2009. 32:204–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.20310.

7. Dailey DE, Steward AL. Psychometric characteristics of the Spiritual Perspective Scale in pregnant African-American women. Res Nurs Health. 2007. 30:61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.20173.

8. Delaney C, Barrere C, Helming M. The influence of a spirituality-based intervention on quality of life, depression, and anxiety in community-dwelling adults with cardiovascular disease: A pilot study. J Holist Nurs. 2011. 29(1):21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898010110378356.

9. Floyd FJ, Widaman KF. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychol Assess. 1995. 7:286–299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286.

10. George D, Mallery P. SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 18.0 update. 2011. 11th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

11. Gray J. Measuring spirituality: Conceptual and methodological considerations. J Theory Constr Test. 2006. 10(2):58–64.

12. Hilton A, Skrutkowski M. Translating instruments into other languages: Development and testing processes. Cancer Nurs. 2002. 25(1):1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200202000-00001.

13. Hoshi M. Self-transcendence, vulnerability, and well-being in hospitalized Japanese elders. 2008. Tucson, USA: University of Arizona;Unpublished doctoral dissertation.

14. Jang E, Kim S. Study on spiritual well-being of elderly people in the community. J Korean Gerontol Nurs. 2003. 5(2):193–204.

15. Jesse DE, Reed PG. Effects of spirituality and psychosocial well-being on health risk behaviors in Appalachian pregnant women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2004. 33:739–747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0884217504270669.

16. Jones PS, Lee JW, Phillips LR, Zhang XE, Jaceldo KB. An adaptation of Brislin's translation model for cross-cultural research. Nurs Res. 2001. 50(5):300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200109000-00008.

17. Kim SS, Reed PG, Hayward RD, Kang Y, Koenig HG. Spirituality and psychological well-being: Testing a theory of family interdependence among family caregivers and their elders. Res Nurs Health. 2011. 34:103–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.20425.

18. Koenig HG. Concerns about measuring "spirituality" in research. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008. 196(5):349–355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31816ff796.

19. Lee EO. Religion and spirituality as predictors of well-being among Chinese American and Korean American older adults. J Relig Spiritual Aging. 2007. 19(3):77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J496v19n03_06.

20. Lee SO, Oh BJ. A correlation study of health promoting behaviors, spiritual well-being and physical function in elderly people. J Korean Gerontol Nurs. 2003. 5(2):127–137.

21. Nygren B, Aléx L, Jonsén E, Gustafson Y, Norberg A, Lundman B.. Resilience, sense of coherence, purpose in life and self-transcendence in relation to perceived physical and mental health among the oldest old. Aging Ment Health. 2005. 9(4):354–362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1360500114415.

22. Oak S. Healing and exorcism: Christian encounters with shamanism in early modern Korea. Asian Ethnol. 2010. 69(1):95–128.

23. Paloutzian RF, Ellison CW. Peplau LA, Perlman D, editors. Loneliness, spiritual well-being and the quality of life. Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy. 1982. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

24. Reed PG. Religiousness among terminally ill and healthy adults. Res Nurs Health. 1986. 9(1):35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770090107.

25. Reed PG. Spirituality and well-being in terminally ill hospitalized adults. Res Nurs Health. 1987. 10:335–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770100507.

26. Reed PG. Self-transcendence and mental health in oldest-old adults. Nurs Res. 1991. 40:5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199101000-00002.

27. Reed PG. Smith MJ, Liehr PR, editors. Self-transcendence theory. Middle range theory for nursing. 2008. New York: Springer;105–130.

28. Rohani C, Khanjari S, Abedi HA, Oskouie F, Langius-Eklof A. Health index, sense of coherence scale, brief religious coping scale and spiritual perspective scale: Psychometric properties. J Adv Nurs. 2010. 66(12):2796–2806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05409.x.

29. Sessanna L, Finnell D, Jezewski MA. Spirituality in nursing and health-related literature. J Holist Nurs. 2007. 25(4):252–262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898010107303890.

30. Thomas JC, Burton M, Quinn Griffin MT, Fitzpatrick JJ. Self-transcendence, spiritual well-being, and spiritual practices of women with breast cancer. J Holist Nurs. 2010. 28:115–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898010109358766.