Korean J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg.  2012 Feb;16(1):1-6. 10.14701/kjhbps.2012.16.1.1.

Management and prevention of delayed gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Affiliations
  • 1Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea. hbps@dsmc.or.kr

Abstract

Although technical advances have been made in pancreaticoduodenectomy, the incidence of delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is reported as being high. Postoperative DGE is not fatal, but often results in prolonging the length of patients' stay in hospital, increasing their medical expenses, and further lowering their quality of life. DGE is a complex process caused by disorder and incoordination of various factors in charge of gastric mobility, such as smooth muscle cells (myogenic), enteric neuron (hormonal), and autonomic nervous system (neural). DGE often occurs after operative maneuvers that cause the loss of organs responsible for gastric motility and emptying or kinetic muscular or neuromuscular ischemia. To prevent DGE, it is most important to develop and universalize a standardized surgical technique in a way to reduce factors that are considered to cause DGE after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Moreover, if it is suspected that DGE occurred after pancreaticoduodenectomy, a differential diagnosis from diseases with similar symptoms via an accurate diagnostic approach should be implemented.

Keyword

Pancreaticoduodenectomy; Delayed gastric emptying; Therapy; Prevention

MeSH Terms

Ataxia
Autonomic Nervous System
Diagnosis, Differential
Fees and Charges
Gastric Emptying
Incidence
Ischemia
Myocytes, Smooth Muscle
Neurons
Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Quality of Life

Reference

1. Traverso LW, Longmire WP Jr. Preservation of the pylorus in pancreaticoduodenectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1978. 146:959–962.
2. Whipple AO, Parsons WB, Mullins CR. Treatment of carcinoma of the ampulla of vater. Ann Surg. 1935. 102:763–779.
3. McPhee JT, Hill JS, Whalen GF, et al. Perioperative mortality for pancreatectomy: a national perspective. Ann Surg. 2007. 246:246–253.
4. Akamatsu N, Sugawara Y, Komagome M, et al. Risk factors for postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy: the significance of the ratio of the main pancreatic duct to the pancreas body as a predictor of leakage. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2010. 17:322–328.
5. van Berge Henegouwen MI, van Gulik TM, Dewit LT, et al. Delayed gastric emptying after standard pancreaticoduodenectomy versus pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy: an analysis of 200 consecutive patients. J Am Coll Surg. 1997. 185:373–379.
6. Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Sohn TA, et al. Six hundred fifty consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies in the 1990s: pathology, complications, and outcomes. Ann Surg. 1997. 226:248–257.
7. Akizuki E, Kimura Y, Nobuoka T, et al. Reconsideration of postoperative oral intake tolerance after pancreaticoduodenectomy: prospective consecutive analysis of delayed gastric emptying according to the ISGPS definition and the amount of dietary intake. Ann Surg. 2009. 249:986–994.
8. Yeo CJ, Barry MK, Sauter PK, et al. Erythromycin accelerates gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Surg. 1993. 218:229–237.
9. Wente MN, Bassi C, Dervenis C, et al. Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after pancreatic surgery: a suggested definition by the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS). Surgery. 2007. 142:761–768.
10. Camilleri M, Hasler WL, Parkman HP, Quigley EM, Soffer E. Measurement of gastrointestinal motility in the GI laboratory. Gastroenterology. 1998. 115:747–762.
11. Miller G, Palmer KR, Smith B, Ferrington C, Merrick MV. Smoking delays gastric emptying of solids. Gut. 1989. 30:50–53.
12. Kuo B, McCallum RW, Koch KL, et al. Comparison of gastric emptying of a nondigestible capsule to a radio-labelled meal in healthy and gastroparetic subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008. 27:186–196.
13. Cassilly D, Kantor S, Knight LC, et al. Gastric emptying of a non-digestible solid: assessment with simultaneous SmartPill pH and pressure capsule, antroduodenal manometry, gastric emptying scintigraphy. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008. 20:311–319.
14. Fraser RJ, Horowitz M, Maddox AF, Dent J. Postprandial antropyloroduodenal motility and gastric emptying in gastroparesis--effects of cisapride. Gut. 1994. 35:172–178.
15. Friedenberg FK, Parkman HP. Delayed gastric emptying: whom to test, how to test, and what to do. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2006. 9:295–304.
16. Perri F, Bellini M, Portincasa P, et al. (13)C-octanoic acid breath test (OBT) with a new test meal (EXPIROGer): Toward standardization for testing gastric emptying of solids. Dig Liver Dis. 2010. 42:549–553.
17. Undeland KA, Hausken T, Svebak S, Aanderud S, Berstad A. Wide gastric antrum and low vagal tone in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 compared to patients with functional dyspepsia and healthy individuals. Dig Dis Sci. 1996. 41:9–16.
18. Feinle C, Kunz P, Boesiger P, Fried M, Schwizer W. Scintigraphic validation of a magnetic resonance imaging method to study gastric emptying of a solid meal in humans. Gut. 1999. 44:106–111.
19. Tang DM, Friedenberg FK. Gastroparesis: approach, diagnostic evaluation, and management. Dis Mon. 2011. 57:74–101.
20. Fox JE, Daniel EE, Jury J, Robotham H. The mechanism of motilin excitation of the canine small intestine. Life Sci. 1984. 34:1001–1006.
21. Tanaka M, Sarr MG. Total duodenectomy: effect on canine gastrointestinal motility. J Surg Res. 1987. 42:483–493.
22. Tanaka M, Sarr MG. Role of the duodenum in the control of canine gastrointestinal motility. Gastroenterology. 1988. 94:622–629.
23. Yamaguchi K, Kishinaka M, Nagai E, et al. Pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic head carcinoma with or without pylorus preservation. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001. 48:1479–1485.
24. Kawai M, Yamaue H. Pancreaticoduodenectomy versus pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy: the clinical impact of a new surgical procedure; pylorus-resecting pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2011. [Epub ahead of print].
25. Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Maher MM, et al. A prospective randomized trial of pancreaticogastrostomy versus pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg. 1995. 222:580–588.
26. Duffas JP, Suc B, Msika S, et al. A controlled randomized multicenter trial of pancreatogastrostomy or pancreatojejunostomy after pancreatoduodenectomy. Am J Surg. 2005. 189:720–729.
27. Bassi C, Falconi M, Molinari E, et al. Reconstruction by pancreaticojejunostomy versus pancreaticogastrostomy following pancreatectomy: results of a comparative study. Ann Surg. 2005. 242:767–771.
28. Fernández-Cruz L, Cosa R, Blanco L, López-Boado MA, Astudillo E. Pancreatogastrostomy with gastric partition after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy versus conventional pancreatojejunostomy: a prospective randomized study. Ann Surg. 2008. 248:930–938.
29. Tani M, Terasawa H, Kawai M, et al. Improvement of delayed gastric emptying in pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2006. 243:316–320.
30. Horstmann O, Markus PM, Ghadimi MB, Becker H. Pylorus preservation has no impact on delayed gastric emptying after pancreatic head resection. Pancreas. 2004. 28:69–74.
31. Sugiyama M, Abe N, Ueki H, Masaki T, Mori T, Atomi Y. A new reconstruction method for preventing delayed gastric emptying after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. Am J Surg. 2004. 187:743–746.
32. Riediger H, Makowiec F, Schareck WD, Hopt UT, Adam U. Delayed gastric emptying after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy is strongly related to other postoperative complications. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003. 7:758–765.
33. Lytras D, Paraskevas KI, Avgerinos C, et al. Therapeutic strategies for the management of delayed gastric emptying after pancreatic resection. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2007. 392:1–12.
34. Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Lillemoe KD, et al. Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma, part 2: randomized controlled trial evaluating survival, morbidity, and mortality. Ann Surg. 2002. 236:355–366.
35. Kim DK, Hindenburg AA, Sharma SK, et al. Is pylorospasm a cause of delayed gastric emptying after pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005. 12:222–227.
36. Kawai M, Tani M, Hirono S, et al. Pylorus ring resection reduces delayed gastric emptying in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial of pylorus-resecting versus pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. Ann Surg. 2011. 253:495–501.
37. Itani KM, Coleman RE, Meyers WC, Akwari OE. Pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. A clinical and physiologic appraisal. Ann Surg. 1986. 204:655–664.
38. Parkman HP, Hasler WL, Fisher RS. American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2004. 127:1589–1591.
39. Ohwada S, Satoh Y, Kawate S, et al. Low-dose erythromycin reduces delayed gastric emptying and improves gastric motility after Billroth I pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg. 2001. 234:668–674.
40. O'Donovan D, Feinle-Bisset C, Jones K, Horowitz M. Idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2003. 6:299–309.
41. Rao AS, Camilleri M. Review article: metoclopramide and tardive dyskinesia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010. 31:11–19.
42. Ganzini L, Casey DE, Hoffman WF, McCall AL. The prevalence of metoclopramide-induced tardive dyskinesia and acute extrapyramidal movement disorders. Arch Intern Med. 1993. 153:1469–1475.
43. Sugumar A, Singh A, Pasricha PJ. A systematic review of the efficacy of domperidone for the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008. 6:726–733.
44. Quigley EM, Hasler WL, Parkman HP. AGA technical review on nausea and vomiting. Gastroenterology. 2001. 120:263–286.
45. Friedenberg FK, Palit A, Parkman HP, Hanlon A, Nelson DB. Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of delayed gastric emptying. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008. 103:416–423.
46. Gouma DJ, Obertop H. Centralization of surgery for periampullary malignancy. Br J Surg. 1999. 86:1361–1362.
47. Birkmeyer JD, Finlayson SR, Tosteson AN, Sharp SM, Warshaw AL, Fisher ES. Effect of hospital volume on in-hospital mortality with pancreaticoduodenectomy. Surgery. 1999. 125:250–256.
Full Text Links
  • KJHBPS
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr