Tissue Eng Regen Med.  2022 Apr;19(2):325-361. 10.1007/s13770-021-00417-1.

Sources, Characteristics, and Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Cells in Tissue Engineering

Affiliations
  • 1Molecular Biology Undergraduate Program, Natural Science and Engineering Division, Cuajimalpa Unit, Autonomous Metropolitan University, 05340 CDMX, Mexico
  • 2Research Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Experimental Teratogenesis, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, 06720 CDMX, Mexico
  • 3Department of Processes and Technology, Natural Science and Engineering Division, Cuajimalpa Unit, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Cuajimalpa. Vasco de Quiroga 4871. Cuajimalpa de Morelos, 05348 CDMX, Mexico

Abstract

Tissue engineering (TE) is a therapeutic option within regenerative medicine that allows to mimic the original cell environment and functional organization of the cell types necessary for the recovery or regeneration of damaged tissue using cell sources, scaffolds, and bioreactors. Among the cell sources, the utilization of mesenchymal cells (MSCs) has gained great interest because these multipotent cells are capable of differentiating into diverse tissues, in addition to their self-renewal capacity to maintain their cell population, thus representing a therapeutic alternative for those diseases that can only be controlled with palliative treatments. This review aimed to summarize the state of the art of the main sources of MSCs as well as particular characteristics of each subtype and applications of MSCs in TE in seven different areas (neural, osseous, epithelial, cartilage, osteochondral, muscle, and cardiac) with a systemic revision of advances made in the last 10 years. It was observed that bone marrow-derived MSCs are the principal type of MSCs used in TE, and the most commonly employed techniques for MSCs characterization are immunodetection techniques. Moreover, the utilization of natural biomaterials is higher (41.96%) than that of synthetic biomaterials (18.75%) for the construction of the scaffolds in which cells are seeded. Further, this review shows alternatives of MSCs derived from other tissues and diverse strategies that can improve this area of regenerative medicine.

Keyword

Tissue engineering; Mesenchymal stem cells; Regenerative medicine; Biocompatible materials; Tissue therapy
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